A Research Study Of A Year Old Female And Looking At How...

When a child is born its emotional development begins almost immediately, although it could also be argued that this development begins before birth. There are many factors which contribute to this development and a number of these factors are external to the child; such as their family, the home environment and the relationships which they experience throughout their life course. From a social work aspect, this is why it is important to ensure that a child’s environment is one which is loving and offers stability for the child throughout their early development. As a social worker, it is central that we understand a child’s development, as this gives us an overall picture of the child’s life and how their current life situation is†¦show more content†¦Therefore, I will not be using the individuals legal name. I also made it clear to Alice how the information would be used, who would be viewing the assignment and that she had the right to withdraw consen t within a certain time frame to ensure her legal rights were protected whilst I would still have time to complete my assignment should she chose to do so. Alice was born into a working class family where her mother worked full time and her father was a stay at home parent. She was the first born and grew up in an urban area of East London. Her parents divorced when Alice was 10 years old and by this time she had a younger sibling named Stephan who was 5 years old. When her parents divorced her father moved out of East London and contact was not maintained which was deeply upsetting for Alice. It was around this time that Alice’s school noted a decline in her behaviour. As well as this, her relationship with her mother deteriorated drastically. Throughout her adolescent years Alice has struggled with depression and anxiety and this has impacted on her social development. Now at 21, Alice is more settled and still remains living with her mother with whom she now has a secure relationship with. Research suggests that there is a link beginning to show between Inner city children who have less access to nature and a decline in mental and physical health (Strife and Downey, 2009). Alice has suffered with depression and

The Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer - 2664 Words

The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories give some extraordinary insights on Chaucer’s views on the roles of men and women in medieval times. Christianity is the most common characteristic discussed, and clearly very important to Chaucer. The Prologue gives the reader a general over-view of each of the characters; he separates each character by his or her social class, religious life, and morality. The Prioress and The Wife of Bath tales further reveal his opinions on women s roles and position in society. Chaucer m akes it clear that men and women have very different roles and expectations; but they all either serve themselves, or others; and this is the trait that Chaucer uses to characterize a morally â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† character, his characterization is not stipulated by social class or sex. The Prologue exemplifies many of the common roles of men and women during medieval times. The first traveler introduced is The Knight. The fact that Chaucer decided to describe The Knight first can already tell us a key aspectShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. In particular Chaucer often tells stories with elements of the relationshipRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer consists of frame narratives were a group of pilgrims that are traveling from Southwark to the shire of St. Becker in the Canterbury Cathedral, tell each other to pass time until they arrive at their destination. During The Canterbury Tales the reader is exposed to many characters that represent all of the social classes of medieval England and the reader gets to know them from t he general prologue to each individual tale. One of these characters is the PardonerRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2127 Words   |  9 PagesIt is unknown when Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, but it is assumed that he wrote it in 1387. There are many different aspects and themes throughout this paper that are very prominent. One theme that is very important is the importance of company. This entire tale is about twenty-nine pilgrims who all tell tales while on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. The importance of company is that this is a pilgrimage that requires companions and friendship. ThoughRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1073 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer introduced and described a variety of fictional characters that lived in the Middle Ages. It was the time period that European civilians were governed by a system called feudalism. Where kings were the head of the s ystem and everyone was categorized in social classes. In the prologue of The Canterbury Tales the first character introduced was the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the knight correctly by characterizing him as a chivalrous and honorable man,Read MoreThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer1585 Words   |  7 Pageswas published toward the end of his life, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was his longest and most popular work. The plot is made up of tales told by thirty-one different pilgrims as they embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. His initial idea was to have each pilgrim tell four stories a piece during the pilgrimage, but Chaucer either died before finishing or decided to change this idea, as only twenty-four tales presently make up the work. The prologue ofRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of 24 stories written during the Midd le Ages. The tales were written with the intent of criticizing the functions of societal standards as well as the beliefs of the Church. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale,† one the most popular stories, offers unique insights into the customs and practices of the English middle class during the Middle Ages. The story follows the lives of John, Absolon, and Nicholas, three men who are involved with a beautiful woman namedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories gi ve some extraordinaryRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2221 Words   |  9 Pagesin medieval literature is the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. This research seeks to examine the life of Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, and the impact and legacy of both the author and the work. Agnes Copton gave birth to a baby boy c. 1340, whom she named Geoffrey. The baby took the surname of his father John Chaucer, who came from a family of wine merchants. The family relied on strategic relationships to subsidize where they lacked in wealth. Chaucer was fluent in French, ItalianRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer was a story of not the people themselves but a social statement of how the people of higher standing were viewed by the middle class. In the time that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely TheRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1777 Words   |  8 PagesCanterbury Tales takes place in the late 1300’s also known as the Middle ages. Prior to and at this point in time, people tend to be more conservative and to themselves. Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of these stories does something most authors didn’t do at this time, he ironically pointed out the flaws of the medieval English society. He does this by using estate satire. The Canterbury Tales is a great example of the B ritish human experience at that point in time. Chaucer does a great job describing

Essay about Music Therapy and Down Syndrome - 1188 Words

A doctor shares the diagnosis of Down Syndrome with parents of 1 in 691 live births (NADS). Years ago, before research found the basic cause of the disorder, people with Down’s Syndrome were placed in institutions to live. Some people still believe that children born with Down’s syndrome are not capable of learning. In a group of children where all hope seems gone, music therapy has been found to be very beneficial. It can enhance physical, social. intellectual, and emotional development of the children. â€Å"Music therapy is the skillful use of music and musical elements by a music therapist to promote, maintain, and restore mental, physical, emotional and spiritual health (Angus 4).† It is used to achieve therapeutic results†¦show more content†¦Julie Wylie, music therapist from New Zealand, wrote an article in which she explained how music is a part of the human body. Music can be found in the body’s heartbeat, breathing, and movement. Melody can be heard in the laughs and cries of the person. She found that many adults and children with Down syndrome are very good at dance. They feel as if they can be themselves and express themselves without a spoken word (Buckley 33). Music therapy can help promote and maintain intellectual and social development. Working in a group setting has been practiced by many music therapists. They have found that it is useful for working on social skills, coordination, and sense of achievement. (Cullum 3) As they began working, they also found that children with language disabilities respond to language quicker through music than in speech. (Smith 2) The Music Therapy Association of British Columbia says, â€Å"Singing can improve communication through addressing specific expressive and receptive language skills, including articulation, breath control, fluency, phonemic awareness, and vocabulary (Angus 5)†. There are some children who are not able to speak well but will sin g along to songs that they have learned (Wilson 1). There are many ways to teach children and adults with Down syndrome how to sing and talk. In one case, a toddler named Bret started music therapy to increase hisShow MoreRelated Autistic Savant Syndrome in the Film Rain Man Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesAutistic Disorder: Savant syndrome The Hollywood film Rain Man is about the Autistic disorder Savant syndrome. In Rain Man, Raymond Babbitt (played by Dustin Hoffman) has Savant Syndrome and his brother Charlie Babbitt (played by Tom Cruise) finds out about Raymond being his brother and that he is good with numbers so Charlie decides to use his brother to make money. Over the course of the time that Charlie and Raymond are together, they become closer and Charlie is not just using RaymondRead MoreA Field Project For Our Business And Society Class By Ricardo Montaner And Marlene Rodriguez Miranda1562 Words   |  7 Pageschild from its start in life or when the special condition is identified. IMPORTANT FACTS ON: HAI, AQUA-EXPERIENCE AND EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES. During the last decade it has become more widely accepted that pet ownership and animal assistance in therapy and education might have a multitude of positive effects on humans. Among the well-documented effects of HAI in humans of different ages, with and without special medical, or mental health conditions are benefits for: social attention, social behaviorRead MoreThe Use And Benefits Of Art In Special Education And Special1420 Words   |  6 Pageseducation offer for students with special needs? How Art is used in Special Education and Services Art is being utilized in a variety of ways in special education programs, from placement in general education art classes, to use in different types of therapy. The most common way art is being used to help students with exceptionalities, however, is as a means of inclusion. Inclusion, in a nutshell, is the method used in schools to include special education students in general education classrooms (KauchakRead MoreTheory of Music and its Effects on Health and Wellness900 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of Music and its Effects on Health and Wellness Chronic diseases are a problem for the mind and body. Not only are chronic diseases harmful to the body, they take a toll on a person’s psychological wellbeing. Depression, anxiety, and stress are the most common problems associated with chronic diseases. They are harmful to the body and inhibit recovery. However, the theory of music has been proven to decrease stress, depression, and contribute to improved health. Patients with chronic diseasesRead MoreBand Nerds versus Underdeveloped Brains700 Words   |  3 Pages But most importantly, can taking a music class not only benefit your life in the band hall, but out of it as well? The ACT and SAT are tests we take usually as an upperclassman in high school. According to the Texas Music Education Association, the average SAT score for those who take it is 1,465 The National Report of the SAT Test Takers published by the Princeton Board of Education states, â€Å"Students with coursework/experience in music performance and music appreciation scored higher on the SAT:Read MoreChildhood Development : Down Syndrome Or Trisomy 211291 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorder known as Down syndrome or trisomy 21. Down syndrome (DS) can affect multiple areas of a person’s development both mentally and physically. This paper looks at how to detect DS as early as the second trimester of pregnancy, the effects it has on early childhood development, and the effects on a person’s mental abilities. First of all, it is important to define Down syndrome. Traditionally, people are born with 46 chromosomes, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. Down syndrome usually occursRead MoreWolfgang Mozart Was Born In Salzburg, Austria In January1057 Words   |  5 Pages Wolfgang Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria in January 27, 1756. He was a prolific and influential composer of the classical era. Mozart at a young age displayed a prodigious ability to compose music. He wrote his first symphony at age eight and had the ability to listen to music and replay it after only hearing it once. Although Wolfgang Mozart is one of the greatest minds the world has ever seen, like others he was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. According to the American PsychologicalRead MoreAutism : A Developmental Disability That Causes Problems With Skills And Communication1395 Words   |  6 PagesTBI. Autism isn t present in a person after such an injury. ASD has many different forms and condition s. Autism isn t just one disease, but an entire spectrum of different abilities, communication problems, symptoms, and challenges. Asperger s syndrome, or AS, is the mildest form of autism. AS is three times more likely to affect boys than girls. (Autism 2013). Children with AS generally find an object or topic and obsess over it, finding out everything they can about it and memorizing it. OftenRead MoreI ve Written Before About My Younger Sister971 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve written before about my younger sister, Kathryn Mary, who was born on September 13, 1972. Within a couple of days of her birth, her doctors discovered that she had Down syndrome and a heart defect that was going to eventually need to be corrected with open heart surgery. Unfortunately, Kathryn never got to a point where she had enough strength and stamina to withstand a surgery. She was so weak that she was never able to turn herself over or crawl on the floor. She gained very little weightRead MoreMusic Therapy And Its Effects On Society1697 Words   |  7 PagesFortunately, for the people facing these issues, there is. Music therapy is a relatively new approach that doctors, teachers, and many others are taking to help heal and improve the quality of life for their patients and students. It’s starting to become more common around the United States and is expected to become even more popular in the future. Books like Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart support the idea of music therapy by demonstrating how music can be used to soothe and improve the moods of individuals

Zero waste Scotland Plan and Circular Economy

Question: Write an essay on Operators in the Waste Collection Services industry? Answer: Zero waste Scotland plan and circular economy Research Topic: Operators in the Waste Collection Services industry collect hazardous and nonhazardous waste and transport it to disposal facilities. They also operate transfer stations, which are intermediate facilities used to store and treat waste before it is fully disposed of. This industry does not include government-provided waste collection services, which currently carry out one-quarter of all waste collection in the country. The Waste Collection Services industry has performed well in recent years and is forecast to grow at an annualized rate of 1.7% over the five years to 2015. While revenue fell during the recession, the Waste Collection Services industry was less affected than many other industries were. Households will typically not radically reduce the amount of waste they produce, even during difficult economic times. Further, the Waste Collection Services industry has benefited over the past five years from the recovery of the industrial, construction and commercial sectors. As these sectors have expanded, they have produced more waste, generating demand for industry services. This industry has also benefited from the trend of municipalities privatizing waste collection. With many municipalities in debt after the financial collapse, local governments have been tightening their budgets and waste collection has often been one of the first services to go. This has increased demand for private waste collection services, further strengthening industry revenue growth. Industry revenue is expected to continue to expand in 2015, growing 0.7% to $44.6 billion. The Waste Collection Services industry is expected to continue to grow over the following five years, largely due to population growth. Given relatively static rates of per capita waste generation, as the Scotland population increases, national waste generation rises as well. Continued economic recovery, especially in the construction sector, will further increase overall waste production, expanding demand for industry services. The industry will also benefit from the public's increasing demand for recycling services. Industry revenue will gain a boost because recycling collection services are more expensive than standard waste collection services. As a result, industry revenue is expected to increase at the annualized rate of 1.1% to $47.0 billion over the five years to 2020. Current Performance The Waste Collection Services industry has grown moderately over the past five years. Although industry revenue fell during the recession, this collapse was less dramatic than it was for more cyclical industries. Given that this industry's purpose is to collect and transport waste, industry revenue primarily depends on the amount of waste produced. While industrial and construction waste generation was very low in the aftermath of the recession, residential waste, the production of which depends primarily on the size of the population, remained fairly stable, propping up industry demand. Since 2010, industrial and construction waste generation has been slowly rising alongside the recovery of business and construction, increasing demand for waste collection services and, therefore, industry revenue. As a result, industry revenue is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 1.7% over the five years to 2015. In 2015, industry revenue is forecast to grow 0.7% to $44.6 billion. Recycling and privatization In conjunction with the return to long-run rates of waste generation, a number of external trends are expected to help spur industry expansion. Government legislation and public consciousness have pushed for a greater demand for recycling services. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the percentage of municipal solid waste that was recycled grew from 28.5% to 34.5% between 2000 and 2012. While it is more difficult to collect separated recyclable materials than unsorted waste, waste collection service providers are able to charge higher prices for the collection of recyclables and are also able to sell recyclable materials to recycling facilities instead of paying to dump their waste at a landfill. Therefore, increased recycling has been a source of increased industry revenue. Waste management services have traditionally been the responsibility of municipal governments, funding public waste collection services through the local tax base. Over time, however, many municipalities have discontinued this service, allowing private operators to take their place. Following the financial crisis, many municipalities across the United States found themselves in dire financial positions. As a result, many slashed their budgets, often cutting public waste collection services. With municipalities in need of alternative waste collection service providers, demand for industry services grew in the years following the crisis, leading to growth in industry revenue. Revenue growth in the Waste Collection Services industry resulted in an expansion in the number of active industry operators. As new companies enter the market to take advantage of increased demand for industry services, the number of industry operators is anticipated to grow at an annualized rate of 1.7% to 8,334 companies over the five years to 2015. The increase in industry operators and the expansion in operations of existing enterprises have also encouraged growth in industry employment. The number of industry employees is expected to increase at an annualized rate of 1.7% to 202,305 total workers over the five years to 2015. Declining and rebounding profit While industry revenue has been steadily increasing since 2010, profit margins were in decline for the majority of the five years to 2015. This decline was driven primarily by growth in fuel prices; diesel fuel powers the majority of waste collection vehicles and constitutes the largest component of the industry's spending on purchases between 2010 and 2014. Growing fuel prices over this period were exacerbated by growing public support for fewer and larger landfill sites located further from population centers. As a result, the distance that waste must travel for disposal has risen, increasing the quantity of fuel needed to continue industry operations. Some industry operators have started developing ways to convert collection trucks to run on less-expensive fuels, such as biofuels and natural gas. However, this process is costly, as it involves designing a company's collection fleet. Other operators are using rail to transport large quantities of waste. While rail transportation is becoming more cost effective for large loads of waste, greater use of rail transport requires investment in rail containers and transfer stations. Industry service prices were raised over this period, but not enough to offset increases in input costs. The growing distance between landfills and population centers also resulted in an expansion of transfer centers. Transfer centers, located between waste collection zones and waste disposal sites, are used to compact waste to be loaded onto larger transport vehicles that then transport the waste to a landfill. While helpful for managing large amounts of waste from disparate locations, they are costly to maintain. Finally, growth in industry regulation has also led to increased industry costs. The Waste Collection Services industry has been very highly regulated for decades, given the potential negative environmental and public health impacts that can result from the improper disposal of waste. Core industry regulation is outlined in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, which establishes specific guidelines for the proper transport, treatment, storage and disposal of waste. More recently, state and local governments have established new requirements for the sector. Some newer regulations can help spur demand for industry services and increase industry revenue. For example, legislation passed in March 2014 in Massachusetts prevents businesses from disposing of their food waste in a landfill if they produce more than one ton of food waste a week. This will likely force businesses in Massachusetts to hire more waste collection service providers to process and collect their separated food waste, increasing industry revenue. Other regulations, however, serve to increase industry costs. For example, flow control legislation allows state governments to specifically direct where waste is disposed of. This forces industry operators to transport waste to less conveniently located disposal facilities, raising industry costs. Driven by the factors described above, industry margins fell between 2010 and 2014. However, this trend reversed in the second half of 2014, as the collapse in oil prices has sent fuel prices spiraling downwards. As fuel prices have decreased, industry purchases costs have fallen substantially, driving profit margins upwards. As a result, industry profit margins are expected to only fall slightly between 2010 and 2015. Industry Outlook The Waste Collection Services industry is expected to continue to grow over the five years to 2020, with the industry's financial performance tied to growth in the volume of waste generation. In addition, the industry is also anticipated to continue implementing cleaner and greener practices as it becomes more closely affiliated with recycling and renewable energy activities. Operators' ability to manage the implementation of greater environmental and public health regulations will be a major factor of success in upcoming years. Revenue and profit growth Industry revenue is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 1.1% over the five years to 2020 to $47.0 billion. This growth will be primarily driven by continued growth in waste generation. The volume of municipal solid waste generated in the United States is projected to grow an annualized rate of 0.5% over the five years to 2020, primarily due to population growth and increased business and construction activity. The Scotland population is projected to expand at an annualized rate of 0.7% over the same period, with the per capita volume of waste generated expected to remain steady at its current level of 4.4 pounds per day. Thus, population growth will result in steady increases in waste generation that will ensure continued stable demand for industry services. The Waste Collection Services industry will also experience growth stemming from the continued recovery of the Scotland economy. Stronger economic growth will boost consumer and business spending, leading to increased residential and commercial waste generation. More importantly, construction is expected to grow strongly as this sector finally recovers from a period of very low activity, which will greatly boost the amount of construction site waste that is produced. These increases in waste generation will boost demand for waste collection services, consequently increasing industry revenue. As the Waste Collection Services industry continues to grow, so will the number of industry operators and the size of overall industry employment. As new companies enter the industry to take advantage of growing demand for waste collection services, the number of enterprises operating in this industry is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 2.2% over the five years to 2020 to 9,285 total companies. These fledgling operators, as well as established players, are expected to hire more workers to serve new customers. Consequently, the number of industry employees is anticipated to grow at an annualized rate of 1.5% over the five years to 2020 to 218,427 total workers. While industry profit margins declined slightly over the past five-year period, they are expected to rise marginally over the five years to 2020 to 8.5% of revenue. Fuel prices, which have already fallen substantially in line with the recent collapse in oil prices, are anticipated to continue to drop in upcoming years as this decline continues to be passed down to refined petroleum products, including gasoline and diesel fuel. Further, demand for recycling collection services, which carries a higher profit margin than the collection of unsorted waste, will continue to expand. Growing vertical integration with waste disposal services will reduce tipping fees, the cost of paying to use a landfill. Finally, cost-saving technologies that have already been invested in, such as more fuel-efficient garbage trucks, will begin to pay off in cost efficiency gains. Recycling's impact Recycling activity has been trending upward over the past 30 years. In 1985, 16.7 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) was recycled, yielding a recycling rate of 10.1% of municipal solid waste, according to figures from the Environmental Protection Agency. Comparatively, 34.5% of MSW, or 86.6 million tons, was recycled in 2012 (latest data available), displaying tremendous growth in recycling from all sources of waste production. The rate of recycling is expected to continue increasing over the next five years. Over this period, state and local government regulations will aim to achieve higher recycling rates from households and businesses, boosting demand for recycling services. For example, California requires 50.0% of waste to be diverted from the waste stream, with legislators considering a bill to raise the rate of diversion to 75.0%. New York City is also planning to double the percentage of its waste that is recycled between 2013 and 2017. Additionally, Massachusetts has banned the landfill disposal of concrete, asphalt, brick, metals, some paper products and wood. The largest recycler in the Waste Collection Services industry, Waste Management Inc., plans to increase the volume of recyclable material it manages from 8.0 million tons to 20.0 million tons by 2020. Recycling has historically been an unrewarding business, with low profit margins, volatile prices for recycled material and uncertain supplies of recyclable waste available for recycling facilities. However, regulatory and technological changes will likely stabilize recycling operations and improve profitability. The collection of recyclable material is expected to become a much more pronounced component of municipal government waste collection contracts; a growing quantity of this waste will help increase the segment's attractiveness. Waste is collected from commercial, industrial and residential customers. It may be collected from curbside trash cans or from specially provided metal containers on commercial and industrial sites. Once collected, the waste is normally taken to a transfer facility to be prepared for transport to disposal facilities. At transfer stations, waste is unloaded from collection vehicles, briefly held, compacted and then reloaded onto larger long-distance transport vehicles, typically by road or rail. The distance from collection to disposal sites has been increasing, as landfill sites are being placed farther away from population centers. Combining the loads of multiple individual waste collection trucks lowers operating and transport costs. Nonresidential waste collection services Commercial waste collection services include the collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) from commercial premises and the collection of industrial waste. The volume of nonresidential waste requiring collection is more sensitive to changes in economic activity than that of residential waste. Hence, nonresidential waste volume declined more heavily during and in the aftermath of the recession than did residential waste. In 2015, 32.0% of industry revenue is anticipated to be generated through the provision of commercial and industrial waste collection services. The California Integrated Waste Management Board has found that food stores generated the highest volume of waste at 16,579 pounds per employee per year. Of this waste, about 71.0% is diverted for recycling. Fast-food restaurants generate on average 6,528 pounds of waste material per employee and divert about 35.0%. Durable wholesalers generate the highest amounts of hazardous waste, with about 400 pounds of used oil and battery waste per employee. Residential waste collection services Residential waste collection services generate the second largest share of industry revenue, comprising an estimated 24.6% of industry revenue. This service segment fared better than most segments during the recession as households generally do not greatly reduce the amount of waste they produce even during economic downturns. Residential waste collection services are normally the responsibility of local municipalities who either undertake the waste collection themselves or contract out the collection service to private companies. However, the market share of residential waste collection for this industry has been increasing as more local governments privatize their collection services. Residential collection may also be undertaken on a subscription basis, where the household pays a contractor directly for collection of household waste. Recyclable material collection services Recycling collection services are normally provided either based on the requirements of local laws or as part of a contract with municipal governments. The share of revenue from the collection of recyclable material has grown over the past five years and is expected to continue increasing through 2020 as local and state governments act to increase the level of recycling. Municipal contracts for waste collection may require that recyclable collection services be offered. The largest recycler, Waste Management Inc., managed about 8.0 million tons of recyclable commodities in 2014, up from under 3.0 million tons in 2010. The same company plans to triple the amount of recyclable material it manages through 2020. For the industry as a whole, the collection of recyclable materials is set to grow in importance during the coming decade. Transfer and storage facility services Transfer facility services are expected to generate 15.2% of industry revenue in 2015. Services are typically offered by larger waste collection firms that operate transfer stations. According to the environmental protection agency, transfer stations are facilities where solid waste is unloaded from collection vehicles and briefly held while it is reloaded onto larger long-distance transport vehicles for shipment to landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities. This segment has increased over the past five years as larger operators look to increase their scale. Construction site, hazardous and other waste collection services Other industry-related services include hazardous waste collection, urban sweeping services, snowplowing and others. The collection of construction and demolition (CD) site waste also falls under this category. This type of waste comprises mainly wood, concrete, rubble and other building materials. Revenue from the collection of CD waste is sensitive to the level of residential and commercial construction and remodeling. Housing starts are expected to rise strongly over the next five years, raising this segment's share of revenue. Furthermore, strengthening commercial construction is anticipated to further boost this segment. Demand Determinants The collection and disposal of household waste has historically been the responsibility of local government. In the past therefore, a major determinant of demand in this industry had been the tendency of local governments to contract out waste collection operations to private industry operators. With the majority of waste collection now privatized, attention has shifted to the volume of waste and the range of collection services provided as the main drivers of demand. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced per household and per business has remained relatively stable since 1990, hovering near 4.34 pounds per person per day. Certain trends, such as the aging of the population and a reduction in the size of households, may push this number down over time. However, any minor reduction in the amount of waste produced per person will not be enough to offset the increase in waste generation that will accompany the continued growth of the Scotland population, which along with the rate of business formation is the primary determinant of waste production. As a result, consistent growth in the amount of municipal solid waste produced in the Scotland will provide a stable source of demand for this industry's services. The volume of industrial, construction and demolition waste is more volatile, responding to changes in the level of economic activity. The quantity of construction and demolition waste is particularly sensitive to changes in construction industry. In fact, much of the short term decline in overall waste production that followed the recession is due to the slowdown in residential construction. The introduction of local and state regulations mandating increased levels of recycling as well as growing environmental consciousness are expected to have a large impact on demand for collection services over the five years to 2020. For example, Massachusetts has banned landfill disposal of concrete, asphalt, brick, metals, some paper products and wood. Such mandates, which require more precise and targeted waste collection, will likely increase demand for industry services. Furthermore, these types of regulations increase the use of contractors to supply and collect containers used to separate the different types of waste from building and industrial sites. In general, these trends will encourage waste management companies to increasingly provide recyclable collection services to households, businesses and industries. Commercial and business companies Commercial customers include schools, hospitals and businesses (office, retail and food service). These customers are normally supplied with containers of various sizes and types, depending on the type of waste they generate. Customers store their waste in these containers between pickup dates. Commercial contract fees are normally based on the frequency of collection, cost of disposal, equipment or containers provided and the type and volume of waste. Contracts normally run for one to three years and may be renewed. Commercial services also include the collection of recyclables. The market share occupied by commercial customers diminished slightly in 2010 but is expected to rise to account for an estimated 32.7% of industry revenue in 2015 as the economy strengthens. Industrial and construction companies Industrial customers are provided with similar products and services to commercial customers, including containers of various sizes, most of which can be hydraulically placed on collection trucks. The construction industry and home renovators generate construction and demolition waste. The market share occupied by industry and construction was the hardest hit of any segment at the start of the five year period to 2015 as industrial, construction and remodeling activity plummeted. Improved industrial and manufacturing output and a recovery in construction activity is expected to boost revenue in these segments and improve their share of total industry revenue in 2015. Individuals and households Nearly all Scotland households have access to curbside waste collection services. These services are provided either through contracts with municipal governments (which is included in the government and not-for-profit organizations market segment) or via household subscriptions arranged directly with waste collection companies. Individuals also contract the services of waste collection operators for specific one-time tasks. For example, individuals may contract out industry operators to remove a tree that has been cut down on their property, or to remove unwanted items after the cleaning out of a garage or basement. This market segment has remained relatively stable as a share of industry revenue over the past five years. Government and not-for-profit organizations Governments and not-for-profit organizations contract industry services for a variety of purposes. Federal and state governments may hire industry operators to handle hazardous waste removal, clean-up of national and state parks as well as general scheduled waste collection services from government buildings. Not-for-profit organizations hire industry operators to carry out communal waste removal operations not paid for by municipal governments along with other similar services. However, the vast majority of industry revenue earned from sales to this market segment is derived from contracts between municipal governments and industry operators to collect residential, business and other general waste generated with a municipality at regularly scheduled intervals. There has been a long-standing trend for local governments to contract out their collection services to private operators. About a quarter of residential waste collection revenue still accrues to municipal governments who dire ctly undertake waste collection; however, this share will continue to diminish over time as municipal governments continue outsourcing collection services. The market share occupied by government and not-for-profit organizations was relatively high in 2010 as demand from commercial, industrial and construction markets were low in the wake of the recession. However, the share from this market segment has declined over the past five years in line with returning demand from other market segments, and is expected to continue to fall slightly over the five years to 2020. References: Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Waste management,33(1), 220-232 Marshall, R. E., Farahbakhsh, K. (2013). Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries.Waste Management,33(4), 988-1003 Blengini, G. A., Busto, M., Fantoni, M., Fino, D. (2012). Eco-efficient waste glass recycling: Integrated waste management and green product development through LCA.Waste management,32(5), 1000-1008 Hoornweg, D., Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: a global review of solid waste management Arena, U. (2012). Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review.Waste management,32(4), 625-639 Yuan, H., Shen, L. (2011). Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management.Waste management,31(4), 670-679 Yuan, H., Chini, A. R., Lu, Y., Shen, L. (2012). A dynamic model for assessing the effects of management strategies on the reduction of construction and demolition waste.Waste management,32(3), 521-531 Blengini, G. A., Fantoni, M., Busto, M., Genon, G., Zanetti, M. C. (2012). Participatory approach, acceptability and transparency of waste management LCAs: case studies of Torino and Cuneo.Waste management,32(9), 1712-1721 Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., Wong, M. H. (2013). Electronic waste management approaches: An overview.Waste Management,33(5), 1237-1250. Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Waste management,33(1), 220-232 Marshall, R. E., Farahbakhsh, K. (2013). Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries.Waste Management,33(4), 988-1003 Blengini, G. A., Busto, M., Fantoni, M., Fino, D. (2012). Eco-efficient waste glass recycling: Integrated waste management and green product development through LCA.Waste management,32(5), 1000-1008 Hoornweg, D., Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: a global review of solid waste management Arena, U. (2012). Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review.Waste management,32(4), 625-639 Yuan, H., Shen, L. (2011). Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management.Waste management,31(4), 670-679 Yuan, H., Chini, A. R., Lu, Y., Shen, L. (2012). A dynamic model for assessing the effects of management strategies on the reduction of construction and demolition waste.Waste management,32(3), 521-531 Blengini, G. A., Fantoni, M., Busto, M., Genon, G., Zanetti, M. C. (2012). Participatory approach, acceptability and transparency of waste management LCAs: case studies of Torino and Cuneo.Waste management,32(9), 1712-1721 Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., Wong, M. H. (2013). Electronic waste management approaches: An overview.Waste Management,33(5), 1237-1250.