Financial Analysis on Nokia from 2008 to 2009 Research Paper

Monetary Analysis on Nokia from 2008 to 2009 - Research Paper Example The Working Capital proportions demonstrate how well the organization can deal with its working capital. The benefit the executives proportions are otherwise called working capital proportions or the proficiency proportions. The point is to quantify how adequately the firm is dealing with its benefits. (Netcom, n.d.)The following are a portion of the working capital proportions which demonstrate the productivity of the organization in dealing with its working capital. Liquidity proportion is characterized as a class of money related measurements that are utilized to decide an organization's capacity to take care of its transient obligations obligations.Generally, the higher the estimation of the proportion, the bigger is the edge of security that the organization has to cover momentary obligations. (Investopedia, 2009) The above table demonstrates that the organization has proficiently dealt with its working capital during the year finishing September 2009 when contrasted with the year 2008. Nokia is keeping up an agreeable current proportion and the current proportion of 1.5 suggests that the organization has adequate current resources circumstance which will empower the organization to meet its present liabilities with no issue. In any case, the organization has expanded its drawn out obligations during the year 2009 with the outcome that there is an expansion in this proportion. This infers the organization will cause extra intrigue costs on ac quired assets. The income to obligations circumstance has along these lines moved to an unfavorable circumstance in 2009 when contrasted with the prior year. In 2008 the income position of the organization was agreeable enough to settle the present moment and long haul obligations in only 7 months. Though, with the expansion in long haul obligations and the income from tasks it would take roughly 3.8 years for the organization to settle the obligations. This is certainly not a decent situation from the value investors' perspective. Be that as it may, the reason for which the drawn out assets were activated is to be learned for a legitimate legitimization for the expansion in obligations. The quantity of days deals exceptional is another working capital proportion that shows the proficiency of the working capital administration of the organization. This proportion has transformed from the earlier year figure of 70 days to 83 days. This infers the organization has not had the option to gather the extraordinary records receivable as proficiently as it was doing in 2008. Be that as it may, the expansion in credit deals may be another explanation behind the adjustment in this proportion. At the point when the organization has offered increasingly liberal credit terms to its wholesalers and vendors so as to support its deals, that circumstance may have brought about expanded indebted individuals and the ensuing increment in the quantity of days deals exceptional. A more vulnerable deals condition is demonstrated by the expansion in the quantity of days stock communicated as a proportion to the expense of merchandise sold. There is a collection of stock because of lower dea ls which is demonstrated by the adjustment in this proportion. Â

Moravians Migration into the Lehigh Valley, Pennslyvannia Term Paper

Moravians Migration into the Lehigh Valley, Pennslyvannia - Term Paper Example The soonest history of Bethlehem is associated with Bishop David Nitschamann who assembles a congregation, which started the Moravian settlement (Levering 24). He purchased a land where the individuals were settled, and this was the central for the improvement of the Bethlehem. It is here that he assembles the lodge, which turned into the main structure in Bethlehem. Initially, they were thirteen pioneers who previously settled at Bethlehem. The book â€Å"A History of Bethlehem†, by Joseph Mortimer Bishop clarifies of the movement of the Moravian to Bethlehem. It clarifies the reason for relocation, and the settlement of the individuals in the new land (Township News 7). The article â€Å"city of Bethlehem† in 2008, additionally clarifies the difficulties the individuals looked in the relocation, purposes behind movement. It additionally talks about the individuals settlement in their new land. Mortimer the writer of the book â€Å"A History of Bethlehem,† sees Nitschmann as being principal in the movement of Moravian to Bethlehem. Nitschmann had a place with the old Brethrens church. He was conceived in Moravia at Zauchtenthal. It is said that he endured mistreatment on account of his confidence, and he needed to free his local land. He fled Moravia in1724, and on 1732, he was one of first ministers in St. Thomas from Moravian (Levering 28). It is said that he spent a mind-blowing remainder spreading gospel, he is said to have added to the improvement of numerous settlement over the world before his passing in 1771. The remainder of the preachers had an alternate childhood before they met up in their teacher works and were among the organizers of Bethlehem. The article on the City of Bethlehem, additionally specifies the pretended by the main teachers in the settlement of individuals in Bethlehem and the resulting development of the city. The article in any case, doesn't clarify in subtleties the reason for the relocation, however centers around the settlement of the individuals in the new land. It centers around the combination of the Moravian in their new environmental factors. The two articles clarify the purposes for the naming of the city. The city can be said to have developed as a religion community. The city was named as Bethlehem as a method of celebrating God. The point of the city was to be the focal point of evangelist activity in the area. It had indistinguishable objectives from the gospel itself, recovering the wild. The establishment stone for the subsequent structure was laid by Bishop Nitschmann. This was critical to the foundation of the town as the strict focus. The development of town quickly the individuals settled in the district is another factor that the article underlines. The structure was a two-story house was crucial in the foundation of the town. It remained the house for the ministers for a long time. The congregation extended immensely, and by 1743, the gathering included people group s who were in the settlement in the locale (Levering 52). The gathering likewise got the name â€Å"fishers†, concerning the book of scriptures where Andrew and subside were known as the fishers of men. Bethlehem developed to be the focal point of the economy. The Moravian had effectively presented the city in their first settlement, and the city followed their convictions. A significant number of the white pilgrims and other and the local Americas joined the congregation. The article s likewise clarifies of how the individuals showed up in the Jerusalem. The most punctual individuals showed up in this spot as evangelists, yet the resulting bunches came at Bethlehem as their very own result singular reasons.

Time Management Tips for Adults With ADHD

Time Management Tips for Adults With ADHD ADHD Adult ADD/ADHD Print Time Management Tips for Adults With ADHD Time management is tough for most adults with ADHD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on February 13, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children caiaimage / Getty Images I’m running late.I’ll be there in just a little while.I am so sorry Im late. How many times have you said these words? It feels terrible to be lateâ€"to work, to your doctors appointment, to your meeting, to meet a friend, getting the kids to school, and even worse, picking the kids up from school. How can you stop this cycle? How can you improve your time management? ADHD coach  Kay Grossman, M.A.  explains that effective time management requires two skills that people with ADHD often naturally lack, but can learnâ€"planning and marking the passing of time. According to Grossman, the best prescription for being on time includes: planning ahead on a daily basisemploying strategies that use the individual’s preferences and personal styleusing external cues to indicate elapsed time Grossman provides a few no-fail solutions for addressing specific time-management dilemmas. Challenge: Planning Too Many Activities How many times have you committed yourself to too much? Grossman says that this over-scheduling occurs quite often. Sometimes we become too gung-ho or unrealistic about the number of things we can get done in a given period. Other times, we may have difficulty saying “no” to requests others make of us. Unfortunately, over-committing and over-planning simply sets us up for frustration. Solutions: Choose a planner that works for you, considering size, technology, ease of use, portability, color, and feel.Mark out times for known, set, key events such as work times, meal times, carpools, and standing appointments.Keep note of items that you should do versus items that you want to do. You may want to tackle your disorganized filing cabinet, but you should first tackle an assignment thats due tomorrow.Create a to-do list and then choose no more than three to five high priority items to complete on a given day, marking them with an asterisk or color-coding system. Write those items in your planner in the gaps of time available.Think “subtract” or “swap” when you add an item to your daily plan. Keep in mind the finite number of minutes in a day and the fact that you are only one person. If you have the means, consider delegating some tasks to others, like sending dirty clothes to the laundromat rather than doing the laundry yourself.If a big project overwhelms you, consider breaking it down into multiple mini-projects, with a deadline for each. Challenge: Having What You Need to Get Out the Door on Time Its time to go, but your necessary items are scattered all around the house. Where are those car keys? Where are my glasses? Solutions: Establish holding places near the door for keys, wallets, backpacks, and purses. Make it a habit of placing those items in the special place any time you walk in the door.Put any items you need to take with you in the morning in the designated holding place or on the floor next to the door. Encourage all family members to do the same. Challenge: Having Too Much to Do in the Morning   You can’t decide what to wear. Your shirt is wrinkled, so you have to iron it. You finally decide what to wear, but now one of your shoes is missing from the closet. Solutions: Reduce morning stress by preparing the evening before. Gather all items for your morning outfit, including shoes and accessories, before you go to bed.Establish and post a list of the morning routine. Do only those items. Do not squeeze in anything else. Challenge: A Lack of Internal Cues That Help You Judge the Passing of Time How many times have you been engrossed in an activity on the computer and lost track of time? This happens to people with ADHD quite frequently. We get involved in an interesting activity, completely lose our sense of time and as a result, we miss an important meeting or picking the kids up from school on time. Solutions: Strategically set timers to ring or vibrate as a convenient external cue of elapsed time. You may even use a combination of a vibrating watch alarm set as a warning signal and a freestanding timer set 15 minutes later as a reminder to get off the computer in a timely manner.Set a cell phone or watch alarm to vibrate every 10 or 15 minutes. When the alarm goes off, use that as a cue to orient yourself in time. Ask yourself if you are doing what’s most important at this moment and if you are where you need to be. Challenge: Estimating How Long Specific Tasks Take Grossman notes that with a fluid ADHD-style time sense, it is difficult to know if there’s enough time to finish a report the morning before the big meeting, to take one last phone call before leaving to drop off the children at soccer practice, or to make “just one stop” en route to the doctor’s office in time for the appointment. Solutions: Double or even triple the amount of time you think it will take to do something and then plan accordingly.Make a rule for yourself that you will simply not do that “one last thing” before leaving the house for an appointment or en route to a destination. Set and stick to your deadlines and to-do list.Hone your time sense by practicing. Start by estimating how long tasks will take. Write your estimates in your planner next to the item and keep track of the actual time spent. Look for patterns. Do you usually underestimate how long it takes to drive places? Do you tend to overestimate how long it will take you to complete your expense report? With a vigilant practice of guessing and recording the actual elapsed time, the gap between your estimated and actual time will narrow. You’ll feel more in control and will arrive places consistently on time.Determine how much time it truly takes you to get ready to leave the house in the morning, accounting for everything that must be done. Challenge: Failure to Account for Time Eaters   What are time eaters? Grossman explains that time eaters are the seemingly trivial, peripheral activities that accompany most actions we take, eating into our time without our awareness. They include traffic snarls, searching for parking spots, walking from parking lots into buildings, elevator delays, finding the right office, and the need to run back to the car for a forgotten item. Time eaters also show up at our workplace, interfering with on-task effectiveness. They include phone calls, audible e-mail alerts, and stoppers-by. Solutions: Build in plenty of time to account for time eaters. Double or triple the amount of buffer time you normally allow for traveling to a destination.To optimize timely task completion, choose a chunk of time when you’ll turn off the phone ringer and your e-mail alerts, and hang a sign on your closed door requesting no interruptions. Challenge: A Desire to Avoid Being Early, Which Results in Being Late   Grossman notes that some people simply don’t like to arrive places early. They may dread the discomfort or tedium of waiting for a meeting or appointment to start. Solutions: Pack a guilty pleasures tote bag and keep it in your car to use just in case you arrive somewhere early. Guity pleasure items are those you enjoy but often deny yourself due to a perceived lack of time. They might include magazines, novels, catalogs, or crossword and sudoku puzzles. A variation on this theme is a found time tote bag, which might include projects without a set deadline, such as thank-you cards (along with pens and envelopes). You may even find yourself aiming to arrive early so you can reward yourself with your “indulgent” activity.Use the wait as necessary downtime in your day. Try a simple meditation technique of focusing on your breath, or simply remind yourself that a few minutes of daily downtime is required for recharging your brain, making it a productive use of your time.Take advantage of this time by accomplishing those things youre unlikely to schedule such as cleaning out your wallet or purse, balancing your checkbook, or tweaking your to-do list. The next time you find yourself running late, review Grossman’s list. Find your “challenge” and try each of the suggested solutions. You may find yourself arriving places on time (maybe even early!) and feel much more relaxed and happy.

Time Management Tips for Adults With ADHD

Time Management Tips for Adults With ADHD ADHD Adult ADD/ADHD Print Time Management Tips for Adults With ADHD Time management is tough for most adults with ADHD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on February 13, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children caiaimage / Getty Images I’m running late.I’ll be there in just a little while.I am so sorry Im late. How many times have you said these words? It feels terrible to be lateâ€"to work, to your doctors appointment, to your meeting, to meet a friend, getting the kids to school, and even worse, picking the kids up from school. How can you stop this cycle? How can you improve your time management? ADHD coach  Kay Grossman, M.A.  explains that effective time management requires two skills that people with ADHD often naturally lack, but can learnâ€"planning and marking the passing of time. According to Grossman, the best prescription for being on time includes: planning ahead on a daily basisemploying strategies that use the individual’s preferences and personal styleusing external cues to indicate elapsed time Grossman provides a few no-fail solutions for addressing specific time-management dilemmas. Challenge: Planning Too Many Activities How many times have you committed yourself to too much? Grossman says that this over-scheduling occurs quite often. Sometimes we become too gung-ho or unrealistic about the number of things we can get done in a given period. Other times, we may have difficulty saying “no” to requests others make of us. Unfortunately, over-committing and over-planning simply sets us up for frustration. Solutions: Choose a planner that works for you, considering size, technology, ease of use, portability, color, and feel.Mark out times for known, set, key events such as work times, meal times, carpools, and standing appointments.Keep note of items that you should do versus items that you want to do. You may want to tackle your disorganized filing cabinet, but you should first tackle an assignment thats due tomorrow.Create a to-do list and then choose no more than three to five high priority items to complete on a given day, marking them with an asterisk or color-coding system. Write those items in your planner in the gaps of time available.Think “subtract” or “swap” when you add an item to your daily plan. Keep in mind the finite number of minutes in a day and the fact that you are only one person. If you have the means, consider delegating some tasks to others, like sending dirty clothes to the laundromat rather than doing the laundry yourself.If a big project overwhelms you, consider breaking it down into multiple mini-projects, with a deadline for each. Challenge: Having What You Need to Get Out the Door on Time Its time to go, but your necessary items are scattered all around the house. Where are those car keys? Where are my glasses? Solutions: Establish holding places near the door for keys, wallets, backpacks, and purses. Make it a habit of placing those items in the special place any time you walk in the door.Put any items you need to take with you in the morning in the designated holding place or on the floor next to the door. Encourage all family members to do the same. Challenge: Having Too Much to Do in the Morning   You can’t decide what to wear. Your shirt is wrinkled, so you have to iron it. You finally decide what to wear, but now one of your shoes is missing from the closet. Solutions: Reduce morning stress by preparing the evening before. Gather all items for your morning outfit, including shoes and accessories, before you go to bed.Establish and post a list of the morning routine. Do only those items. Do not squeeze in anything else. Challenge: A Lack of Internal Cues That Help You Judge the Passing of Time How many times have you been engrossed in an activity on the computer and lost track of time? This happens to people with ADHD quite frequently. We get involved in an interesting activity, completely lose our sense of time and as a result, we miss an important meeting or picking the kids up from school on time. Solutions: Strategically set timers to ring or vibrate as a convenient external cue of elapsed time. You may even use a combination of a vibrating watch alarm set as a warning signal and a freestanding timer set 15 minutes later as a reminder to get off the computer in a timely manner.Set a cell phone or watch alarm to vibrate every 10 or 15 minutes. When the alarm goes off, use that as a cue to orient yourself in time. Ask yourself if you are doing what’s most important at this moment and if you are where you need to be. Challenge: Estimating How Long Specific Tasks Take Grossman notes that with a fluid ADHD-style time sense, it is difficult to know if there’s enough time to finish a report the morning before the big meeting, to take one last phone call before leaving to drop off the children at soccer practice, or to make “just one stop” en route to the doctor’s office in time for the appointment. Solutions: Double or even triple the amount of time you think it will take to do something and then plan accordingly.Make a rule for yourself that you will simply not do that “one last thing” before leaving the house for an appointment or en route to a destination. Set and stick to your deadlines and to-do list.Hone your time sense by practicing. Start by estimating how long tasks will take. Write your estimates in your planner next to the item and keep track of the actual time spent. Look for patterns. Do you usually underestimate how long it takes to drive places? Do you tend to overestimate how long it will take you to complete your expense report? With a vigilant practice of guessing and recording the actual elapsed time, the gap between your estimated and actual time will narrow. You’ll feel more in control and will arrive places consistently on time.Determine how much time it truly takes you to get ready to leave the house in the morning, accounting for everything that must be done. Challenge: Failure to Account for Time Eaters   What are time eaters? Grossman explains that time eaters are the seemingly trivial, peripheral activities that accompany most actions we take, eating into our time without our awareness. They include traffic snarls, searching for parking spots, walking from parking lots into buildings, elevator delays, finding the right office, and the need to run back to the car for a forgotten item. Time eaters also show up at our workplace, interfering with on-task effectiveness. They include phone calls, audible e-mail alerts, and stoppers-by. Solutions: Build in plenty of time to account for time eaters. Double or triple the amount of buffer time you normally allow for traveling to a destination.To optimize timely task completion, choose a chunk of time when you’ll turn off the phone ringer and your e-mail alerts, and hang a sign on your closed door requesting no interruptions. Challenge: A Desire to Avoid Being Early, Which Results in Being Late   Grossman notes that some people simply don’t like to arrive places early. They may dread the discomfort or tedium of waiting for a meeting or appointment to start. Solutions: Pack a guilty pleasures tote bag and keep it in your car to use just in case you arrive somewhere early. Guity pleasure items are those you enjoy but often deny yourself due to a perceived lack of time. They might include magazines, novels, catalogs, or crossword and sudoku puzzles. A variation on this theme is a found time tote bag, which might include projects without a set deadline, such as thank-you cards (along with pens and envelopes). You may even find yourself aiming to arrive early so you can reward yourself with your “indulgent” activity.Use the wait as necessary downtime in your day. Try a simple meditation technique of focusing on your breath, or simply remind yourself that a few minutes of daily downtime is required for recharging your brain, making it a productive use of your time.Take advantage of this time by accomplishing those things youre unlikely to schedule such as cleaning out your wallet or purse, balancing your checkbook, or tweaking your to-do list. The next time you find yourself running late, review Grossman’s list. Find your “challenge” and try each of the suggested solutions. You may find yourself arriving places on time (maybe even early!) and feel much more relaxed and happy.

A Research Study Of A Year Old Female And Looking At How...

When a child is born its emotional development begins almost immediately, although it could also be argued that this development begins before birth. There are many factors which contribute to this development and a number of these factors are external to the child; such as their family, the home environment and the relationships which they experience throughout their life course. From a social work aspect, this is why it is important to ensure that a child’s environment is one which is loving and offers stability for the child throughout their early development. As a social worker, it is central that we understand a child’s development, as this gives us an overall picture of the child’s life and how their current life situation is†¦show more content†¦Therefore, I will not be using the individuals legal name. I also made it clear to Alice how the information would be used, who would be viewing the assignment and that she had the right to withdraw consen t within a certain time frame to ensure her legal rights were protected whilst I would still have time to complete my assignment should she chose to do so. Alice was born into a working class family where her mother worked full time and her father was a stay at home parent. She was the first born and grew up in an urban area of East London. Her parents divorced when Alice was 10 years old and by this time she had a younger sibling named Stephan who was 5 years old. When her parents divorced her father moved out of East London and contact was not maintained which was deeply upsetting for Alice. It was around this time that Alice’s school noted a decline in her behaviour. As well as this, her relationship with her mother deteriorated drastically. Throughout her adolescent years Alice has struggled with depression and anxiety and this has impacted on her social development. Now at 21, Alice is more settled and still remains living with her mother with whom she now has a secure relationship with. Research suggests that there is a link beginning to show between Inner city children who have less access to nature and a decline in mental and physical health (Strife and Downey, 2009). Alice has suffered with depression and

The Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer - 2664 Words

The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories give some extraordinary insights on Chaucer’s views on the roles of men and women in medieval times. Christianity is the most common characteristic discussed, and clearly very important to Chaucer. The Prologue gives the reader a general over-view of each of the characters; he separates each character by his or her social class, religious life, and morality. The Prioress and The Wife of Bath tales further reveal his opinions on women s roles and position in society. Chaucer m akes it clear that men and women have very different roles and expectations; but they all either serve themselves, or others; and this is the trait that Chaucer uses to characterize a morally â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† character, his characterization is not stipulated by social class or sex. The Prologue exemplifies many of the common roles of men and women during medieval times. The first traveler introduced is The Knight. The fact that Chaucer decided to describe The Knight first can already tell us a key aspectShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. In particular Chaucer often tells stories with elements of the relationshipRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer consists of frame narratives were a group of pilgrims that are traveling from Southwark to the shire of St. Becker in the Canterbury Cathedral, tell each other to pass time until they arrive at their destination. During The Canterbury Tales the reader is exposed to many characters that represent all of the social classes of medieval England and the reader gets to know them from t he general prologue to each individual tale. One of these characters is the PardonerRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2127 Words   |  9 PagesIt is unknown when Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, but it is assumed that he wrote it in 1387. There are many different aspects and themes throughout this paper that are very prominent. One theme that is very important is the importance of company. This entire tale is about twenty-nine pilgrims who all tell tales while on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. The importance of company is that this is a pilgrimage that requires companions and friendship. ThoughRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1073 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer introduced and described a variety of fictional characters that lived in the Middle Ages. It was the time period that European civilians were governed by a system called feudalism. Where kings were the head of the s ystem and everyone was categorized in social classes. In the prologue of The Canterbury Tales the first character introduced was the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the knight correctly by characterizing him as a chivalrous and honorable man,Read MoreThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer1585 Words   |  7 Pageswas published toward the end of his life, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was his longest and most popular work. The plot is made up of tales told by thirty-one different pilgrims as they embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. His initial idea was to have each pilgrim tell four stories a piece during the pilgrimage, but Chaucer either died before finishing or decided to change this idea, as only twenty-four tales presently make up the work. The prologue ofRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of 24 stories written during the Midd le Ages. The tales were written with the intent of criticizing the functions of societal standards as well as the beliefs of the Church. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale,† one the most popular stories, offers unique insights into the customs and practices of the English middle class during the Middle Ages. The story follows the lives of John, Absolon, and Nicholas, three men who are involved with a beautiful woman namedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories gi ve some extraordinaryRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2221 Words   |  9 Pagesin medieval literature is the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. This research seeks to examine the life of Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, and the impact and legacy of both the author and the work. Agnes Copton gave birth to a baby boy c. 1340, whom she named Geoffrey. The baby took the surname of his father John Chaucer, who came from a family of wine merchants. The family relied on strategic relationships to subsidize where they lacked in wealth. Chaucer was fluent in French, ItalianRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer was a story of not the people themselves but a social statement of how the people of higher standing were viewed by the middle class. In the time that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely TheRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1777 Words   |  8 PagesCanterbury Tales takes place in the late 1300’s also known as the Middle ages. Prior to and at this point in time, people tend to be more conservative and to themselves. Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of these stories does something most authors didn’t do at this time, he ironically pointed out the flaws of the medieval English society. He does this by using estate satire. The Canterbury Tales is a great example of the B ritish human experience at that point in time. Chaucer does a great job describing

Essay about Music Therapy and Down Syndrome - 1188 Words

A doctor shares the diagnosis of Down Syndrome with parents of 1 in 691 live births (NADS). Years ago, before research found the basic cause of the disorder, people with Down’s Syndrome were placed in institutions to live. Some people still believe that children born with Down’s syndrome are not capable of learning. In a group of children where all hope seems gone, music therapy has been found to be very beneficial. It can enhance physical, social. intellectual, and emotional development of the children. â€Å"Music therapy is the skillful use of music and musical elements by a music therapist to promote, maintain, and restore mental, physical, emotional and spiritual health (Angus 4).† It is used to achieve therapeutic results†¦show more content†¦Julie Wylie, music therapist from New Zealand, wrote an article in which she explained how music is a part of the human body. Music can be found in the body’s heartbeat, breathing, and movement. Melody can be heard in the laughs and cries of the person. She found that many adults and children with Down syndrome are very good at dance. They feel as if they can be themselves and express themselves without a spoken word (Buckley 33). Music therapy can help promote and maintain intellectual and social development. Working in a group setting has been practiced by many music therapists. They have found that it is useful for working on social skills, coordination, and sense of achievement. (Cullum 3) As they began working, they also found that children with language disabilities respond to language quicker through music than in speech. (Smith 2) The Music Therapy Association of British Columbia says, â€Å"Singing can improve communication through addressing specific expressive and receptive language skills, including articulation, breath control, fluency, phonemic awareness, and vocabulary (Angus 5)†. There are some children who are not able to speak well but will sin g along to songs that they have learned (Wilson 1). There are many ways to teach children and adults with Down syndrome how to sing and talk. In one case, a toddler named Bret started music therapy to increase hisShow MoreRelated Autistic Savant Syndrome in the Film Rain Man Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesAutistic Disorder: Savant syndrome The Hollywood film Rain Man is about the Autistic disorder Savant syndrome. In Rain Man, Raymond Babbitt (played by Dustin Hoffman) has Savant Syndrome and his brother Charlie Babbitt (played by Tom Cruise) finds out about Raymond being his brother and that he is good with numbers so Charlie decides to use his brother to make money. Over the course of the time that Charlie and Raymond are together, they become closer and Charlie is not just using RaymondRead MoreA Field Project For Our Business And Society Class By Ricardo Montaner And Marlene Rodriguez Miranda1562 Words   |  7 Pageschild from its start in life or when the special condition is identified. IMPORTANT FACTS ON: HAI, AQUA-EXPERIENCE AND EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES. During the last decade it has become more widely accepted that pet ownership and animal assistance in therapy and education might have a multitude of positive effects on humans. Among the well-documented effects of HAI in humans of different ages, with and without special medical, or mental health conditions are benefits for: social attention, social behaviorRead MoreThe Use And Benefits Of Art In Special Education And Special1420 Words   |  6 Pageseducation offer for students with special needs? How Art is used in Special Education and Services Art is being utilized in a variety of ways in special education programs, from placement in general education art classes, to use in different types of therapy. The most common way art is being used to help students with exceptionalities, however, is as a means of inclusion. Inclusion, in a nutshell, is the method used in schools to include special education students in general education classrooms (KauchakRead MoreTheory of Music and its Effects on Health and Wellness900 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of Music and its Effects on Health and Wellness Chronic diseases are a problem for the mind and body. Not only are chronic diseases harmful to the body, they take a toll on a person’s psychological wellbeing. Depression, anxiety, and stress are the most common problems associated with chronic diseases. They are harmful to the body and inhibit recovery. However, the theory of music has been proven to decrease stress, depression, and contribute to improved health. Patients with chronic diseasesRead MoreBand Nerds versus Underdeveloped Brains700 Words   |  3 Pages But most importantly, can taking a music class not only benefit your life in the band hall, but out of it as well? The ACT and SAT are tests we take usually as an upperclassman in high school. According to the Texas Music Education Association, the average SAT score for those who take it is 1,465 The National Report of the SAT Test Takers published by the Princeton Board of Education states, â€Å"Students with coursework/experience in music performance and music appreciation scored higher on the SAT:Read MoreChildhood Development : Down Syndrome Or Trisomy 211291 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorder known as Down syndrome or trisomy 21. Down syndrome (DS) can affect multiple areas of a person’s development both mentally and physically. This paper looks at how to detect DS as early as the second trimester of pregnancy, the effects it has on early childhood development, and the effects on a person’s mental abilities. First of all, it is important to define Down syndrome. Traditionally, people are born with 46 chromosomes, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. Down syndrome usually occursRead MoreWolfgang Mozart Was Born In Salzburg, Austria In January1057 Words   |  5 Pages Wolfgang Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria in January 27, 1756. He was a prolific and influential composer of the classical era. Mozart at a young age displayed a prodigious ability to compose music. He wrote his first symphony at age eight and had the ability to listen to music and replay it after only hearing it once. Although Wolfgang Mozart is one of the greatest minds the world has ever seen, like others he was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. According to the American PsychologicalRead MoreAutism : A Developmental Disability That Causes Problems With Skills And Communication1395 Words   |  6 PagesTBI. Autism isn t present in a person after such an injury. ASD has many different forms and condition s. Autism isn t just one disease, but an entire spectrum of different abilities, communication problems, symptoms, and challenges. Asperger s syndrome, or AS, is the mildest form of autism. AS is three times more likely to affect boys than girls. (Autism 2013). Children with AS generally find an object or topic and obsess over it, finding out everything they can about it and memorizing it. OftenRead MoreI ve Written Before About My Younger Sister971 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve written before about my younger sister, Kathryn Mary, who was born on September 13, 1972. Within a couple of days of her birth, her doctors discovered that she had Down syndrome and a heart defect that was going to eventually need to be corrected with open heart surgery. Unfortunately, Kathryn never got to a point where she had enough strength and stamina to withstand a surgery. She was so weak that she was never able to turn herself over or crawl on the floor. She gained very little weightRead MoreMusic Therapy And Its Effects On Society1697 Words   |  7 PagesFortunately, for the people facing these issues, there is. Music therapy is a relatively new approach that doctors, teachers, and many others are taking to help heal and improve the quality of life for their patients and students. It’s starting to become more common around the United States and is expected to become even more popular in the future. Books like Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart support the idea of music therapy by demonstrating how music can be used to soothe and improve the moods of individuals

Zero waste Scotland Plan and Circular Economy

Question: Write an essay on Operators in the Waste Collection Services industry? Answer: Zero waste Scotland plan and circular economy Research Topic: Operators in the Waste Collection Services industry collect hazardous and nonhazardous waste and transport it to disposal facilities. They also operate transfer stations, which are intermediate facilities used to store and treat waste before it is fully disposed of. This industry does not include government-provided waste collection services, which currently carry out one-quarter of all waste collection in the country. The Waste Collection Services industry has performed well in recent years and is forecast to grow at an annualized rate of 1.7% over the five years to 2015. While revenue fell during the recession, the Waste Collection Services industry was less affected than many other industries were. Households will typically not radically reduce the amount of waste they produce, even during difficult economic times. Further, the Waste Collection Services industry has benefited over the past five years from the recovery of the industrial, construction and commercial sectors. As these sectors have expanded, they have produced more waste, generating demand for industry services. This industry has also benefited from the trend of municipalities privatizing waste collection. With many municipalities in debt after the financial collapse, local governments have been tightening their budgets and waste collection has often been one of the first services to go. This has increased demand for private waste collection services, further strengthening industry revenue growth. Industry revenue is expected to continue to expand in 2015, growing 0.7% to $44.6 billion. The Waste Collection Services industry is expected to continue to grow over the following five years, largely due to population growth. Given relatively static rates of per capita waste generation, as the Scotland population increases, national waste generation rises as well. Continued economic recovery, especially in the construction sector, will further increase overall waste production, expanding demand for industry services. The industry will also benefit from the public's increasing demand for recycling services. Industry revenue will gain a boost because recycling collection services are more expensive than standard waste collection services. As a result, industry revenue is expected to increase at the annualized rate of 1.1% to $47.0 billion over the five years to 2020. Current Performance The Waste Collection Services industry has grown moderately over the past five years. Although industry revenue fell during the recession, this collapse was less dramatic than it was for more cyclical industries. Given that this industry's purpose is to collect and transport waste, industry revenue primarily depends on the amount of waste produced. While industrial and construction waste generation was very low in the aftermath of the recession, residential waste, the production of which depends primarily on the size of the population, remained fairly stable, propping up industry demand. Since 2010, industrial and construction waste generation has been slowly rising alongside the recovery of business and construction, increasing demand for waste collection services and, therefore, industry revenue. As a result, industry revenue is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 1.7% over the five years to 2015. In 2015, industry revenue is forecast to grow 0.7% to $44.6 billion. Recycling and privatization In conjunction with the return to long-run rates of waste generation, a number of external trends are expected to help spur industry expansion. Government legislation and public consciousness have pushed for a greater demand for recycling services. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the percentage of municipal solid waste that was recycled grew from 28.5% to 34.5% between 2000 and 2012. While it is more difficult to collect separated recyclable materials than unsorted waste, waste collection service providers are able to charge higher prices for the collection of recyclables and are also able to sell recyclable materials to recycling facilities instead of paying to dump their waste at a landfill. Therefore, increased recycling has been a source of increased industry revenue. Waste management services have traditionally been the responsibility of municipal governments, funding public waste collection services through the local tax base. Over time, however, many municipalities have discontinued this service, allowing private operators to take their place. Following the financial crisis, many municipalities across the United States found themselves in dire financial positions. As a result, many slashed their budgets, often cutting public waste collection services. With municipalities in need of alternative waste collection service providers, demand for industry services grew in the years following the crisis, leading to growth in industry revenue. Revenue growth in the Waste Collection Services industry resulted in an expansion in the number of active industry operators. As new companies enter the market to take advantage of increased demand for industry services, the number of industry operators is anticipated to grow at an annualized rate of 1.7% to 8,334 companies over the five years to 2015. The increase in industry operators and the expansion in operations of existing enterprises have also encouraged growth in industry employment. The number of industry employees is expected to increase at an annualized rate of 1.7% to 202,305 total workers over the five years to 2015. Declining and rebounding profit While industry revenue has been steadily increasing since 2010, profit margins were in decline for the majority of the five years to 2015. This decline was driven primarily by growth in fuel prices; diesel fuel powers the majority of waste collection vehicles and constitutes the largest component of the industry's spending on purchases between 2010 and 2014. Growing fuel prices over this period were exacerbated by growing public support for fewer and larger landfill sites located further from population centers. As a result, the distance that waste must travel for disposal has risen, increasing the quantity of fuel needed to continue industry operations. Some industry operators have started developing ways to convert collection trucks to run on less-expensive fuels, such as biofuels and natural gas. However, this process is costly, as it involves designing a company's collection fleet. Other operators are using rail to transport large quantities of waste. While rail transportation is becoming more cost effective for large loads of waste, greater use of rail transport requires investment in rail containers and transfer stations. Industry service prices were raised over this period, but not enough to offset increases in input costs. The growing distance between landfills and population centers also resulted in an expansion of transfer centers. Transfer centers, located between waste collection zones and waste disposal sites, are used to compact waste to be loaded onto larger transport vehicles that then transport the waste to a landfill. While helpful for managing large amounts of waste from disparate locations, they are costly to maintain. Finally, growth in industry regulation has also led to increased industry costs. The Waste Collection Services industry has been very highly regulated for decades, given the potential negative environmental and public health impacts that can result from the improper disposal of waste. Core industry regulation is outlined in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, which establishes specific guidelines for the proper transport, treatment, storage and disposal of waste. More recently, state and local governments have established new requirements for the sector. Some newer regulations can help spur demand for industry services and increase industry revenue. For example, legislation passed in March 2014 in Massachusetts prevents businesses from disposing of their food waste in a landfill if they produce more than one ton of food waste a week. This will likely force businesses in Massachusetts to hire more waste collection service providers to process and collect their separated food waste, increasing industry revenue. Other regulations, however, serve to increase industry costs. For example, flow control legislation allows state governments to specifically direct where waste is disposed of. This forces industry operators to transport waste to less conveniently located disposal facilities, raising industry costs. Driven by the factors described above, industry margins fell between 2010 and 2014. However, this trend reversed in the second half of 2014, as the collapse in oil prices has sent fuel prices spiraling downwards. As fuel prices have decreased, industry purchases costs have fallen substantially, driving profit margins upwards. As a result, industry profit margins are expected to only fall slightly between 2010 and 2015. Industry Outlook The Waste Collection Services industry is expected to continue to grow over the five years to 2020, with the industry's financial performance tied to growth in the volume of waste generation. In addition, the industry is also anticipated to continue implementing cleaner and greener practices as it becomes more closely affiliated with recycling and renewable energy activities. Operators' ability to manage the implementation of greater environmental and public health regulations will be a major factor of success in upcoming years. Revenue and profit growth Industry revenue is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 1.1% over the five years to 2020 to $47.0 billion. This growth will be primarily driven by continued growth in waste generation. The volume of municipal solid waste generated in the United States is projected to grow an annualized rate of 0.5% over the five years to 2020, primarily due to population growth and increased business and construction activity. The Scotland population is projected to expand at an annualized rate of 0.7% over the same period, with the per capita volume of waste generated expected to remain steady at its current level of 4.4 pounds per day. Thus, population growth will result in steady increases in waste generation that will ensure continued stable demand for industry services. The Waste Collection Services industry will also experience growth stemming from the continued recovery of the Scotland economy. Stronger economic growth will boost consumer and business spending, leading to increased residential and commercial waste generation. More importantly, construction is expected to grow strongly as this sector finally recovers from a period of very low activity, which will greatly boost the amount of construction site waste that is produced. These increases in waste generation will boost demand for waste collection services, consequently increasing industry revenue. As the Waste Collection Services industry continues to grow, so will the number of industry operators and the size of overall industry employment. As new companies enter the industry to take advantage of growing demand for waste collection services, the number of enterprises operating in this industry is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 2.2% over the five years to 2020 to 9,285 total companies. These fledgling operators, as well as established players, are expected to hire more workers to serve new customers. Consequently, the number of industry employees is anticipated to grow at an annualized rate of 1.5% over the five years to 2020 to 218,427 total workers. While industry profit margins declined slightly over the past five-year period, they are expected to rise marginally over the five years to 2020 to 8.5% of revenue. Fuel prices, which have already fallen substantially in line with the recent collapse in oil prices, are anticipated to continue to drop in upcoming years as this decline continues to be passed down to refined petroleum products, including gasoline and diesel fuel. Further, demand for recycling collection services, which carries a higher profit margin than the collection of unsorted waste, will continue to expand. Growing vertical integration with waste disposal services will reduce tipping fees, the cost of paying to use a landfill. Finally, cost-saving technologies that have already been invested in, such as more fuel-efficient garbage trucks, will begin to pay off in cost efficiency gains. Recycling's impact Recycling activity has been trending upward over the past 30 years. In 1985, 16.7 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) was recycled, yielding a recycling rate of 10.1% of municipal solid waste, according to figures from the Environmental Protection Agency. Comparatively, 34.5% of MSW, or 86.6 million tons, was recycled in 2012 (latest data available), displaying tremendous growth in recycling from all sources of waste production. The rate of recycling is expected to continue increasing over the next five years. Over this period, state and local government regulations will aim to achieve higher recycling rates from households and businesses, boosting demand for recycling services. For example, California requires 50.0% of waste to be diverted from the waste stream, with legislators considering a bill to raise the rate of diversion to 75.0%. New York City is also planning to double the percentage of its waste that is recycled between 2013 and 2017. Additionally, Massachusetts has banned the landfill disposal of concrete, asphalt, brick, metals, some paper products and wood. The largest recycler in the Waste Collection Services industry, Waste Management Inc., plans to increase the volume of recyclable material it manages from 8.0 million tons to 20.0 million tons by 2020. Recycling has historically been an unrewarding business, with low profit margins, volatile prices for recycled material and uncertain supplies of recyclable waste available for recycling facilities. However, regulatory and technological changes will likely stabilize recycling operations and improve profitability. The collection of recyclable material is expected to become a much more pronounced component of municipal government waste collection contracts; a growing quantity of this waste will help increase the segment's attractiveness. Waste is collected from commercial, industrial and residential customers. It may be collected from curbside trash cans or from specially provided metal containers on commercial and industrial sites. Once collected, the waste is normally taken to a transfer facility to be prepared for transport to disposal facilities. At transfer stations, waste is unloaded from collection vehicles, briefly held, compacted and then reloaded onto larger long-distance transport vehicles, typically by road or rail. The distance from collection to disposal sites has been increasing, as landfill sites are being placed farther away from population centers. Combining the loads of multiple individual waste collection trucks lowers operating and transport costs. Nonresidential waste collection services Commercial waste collection services include the collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) from commercial premises and the collection of industrial waste. The volume of nonresidential waste requiring collection is more sensitive to changes in economic activity than that of residential waste. Hence, nonresidential waste volume declined more heavily during and in the aftermath of the recession than did residential waste. In 2015, 32.0% of industry revenue is anticipated to be generated through the provision of commercial and industrial waste collection services. The California Integrated Waste Management Board has found that food stores generated the highest volume of waste at 16,579 pounds per employee per year. Of this waste, about 71.0% is diverted for recycling. Fast-food restaurants generate on average 6,528 pounds of waste material per employee and divert about 35.0%. Durable wholesalers generate the highest amounts of hazardous waste, with about 400 pounds of used oil and battery waste per employee. Residential waste collection services Residential waste collection services generate the second largest share of industry revenue, comprising an estimated 24.6% of industry revenue. This service segment fared better than most segments during the recession as households generally do not greatly reduce the amount of waste they produce even during economic downturns. Residential waste collection services are normally the responsibility of local municipalities who either undertake the waste collection themselves or contract out the collection service to private companies. However, the market share of residential waste collection for this industry has been increasing as more local governments privatize their collection services. Residential collection may also be undertaken on a subscription basis, where the household pays a contractor directly for collection of household waste. Recyclable material collection services Recycling collection services are normally provided either based on the requirements of local laws or as part of a contract with municipal governments. The share of revenue from the collection of recyclable material has grown over the past five years and is expected to continue increasing through 2020 as local and state governments act to increase the level of recycling. Municipal contracts for waste collection may require that recyclable collection services be offered. The largest recycler, Waste Management Inc., managed about 8.0 million tons of recyclable commodities in 2014, up from under 3.0 million tons in 2010. The same company plans to triple the amount of recyclable material it manages through 2020. For the industry as a whole, the collection of recyclable materials is set to grow in importance during the coming decade. Transfer and storage facility services Transfer facility services are expected to generate 15.2% of industry revenue in 2015. Services are typically offered by larger waste collection firms that operate transfer stations. According to the environmental protection agency, transfer stations are facilities where solid waste is unloaded from collection vehicles and briefly held while it is reloaded onto larger long-distance transport vehicles for shipment to landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities. This segment has increased over the past five years as larger operators look to increase their scale. Construction site, hazardous and other waste collection services Other industry-related services include hazardous waste collection, urban sweeping services, snowplowing and others. The collection of construction and demolition (CD) site waste also falls under this category. This type of waste comprises mainly wood, concrete, rubble and other building materials. Revenue from the collection of CD waste is sensitive to the level of residential and commercial construction and remodeling. Housing starts are expected to rise strongly over the next five years, raising this segment's share of revenue. Furthermore, strengthening commercial construction is anticipated to further boost this segment. Demand Determinants The collection and disposal of household waste has historically been the responsibility of local government. In the past therefore, a major determinant of demand in this industry had been the tendency of local governments to contract out waste collection operations to private industry operators. With the majority of waste collection now privatized, attention has shifted to the volume of waste and the range of collection services provided as the main drivers of demand. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced per household and per business has remained relatively stable since 1990, hovering near 4.34 pounds per person per day. Certain trends, such as the aging of the population and a reduction in the size of households, may push this number down over time. However, any minor reduction in the amount of waste produced per person will not be enough to offset the increase in waste generation that will accompany the continued growth of the Scotland population, which along with the rate of business formation is the primary determinant of waste production. As a result, consistent growth in the amount of municipal solid waste produced in the Scotland will provide a stable source of demand for this industry's services. The volume of industrial, construction and demolition waste is more volatile, responding to changes in the level of economic activity. The quantity of construction and demolition waste is particularly sensitive to changes in construction industry. In fact, much of the short term decline in overall waste production that followed the recession is due to the slowdown in residential construction. The introduction of local and state regulations mandating increased levels of recycling as well as growing environmental consciousness are expected to have a large impact on demand for collection services over the five years to 2020. For example, Massachusetts has banned landfill disposal of concrete, asphalt, brick, metals, some paper products and wood. Such mandates, which require more precise and targeted waste collection, will likely increase demand for industry services. Furthermore, these types of regulations increase the use of contractors to supply and collect containers used to separate the different types of waste from building and industrial sites. In general, these trends will encourage waste management companies to increasingly provide recyclable collection services to households, businesses and industries. Commercial and business companies Commercial customers include schools, hospitals and businesses (office, retail and food service). These customers are normally supplied with containers of various sizes and types, depending on the type of waste they generate. Customers store their waste in these containers between pickup dates. Commercial contract fees are normally based on the frequency of collection, cost of disposal, equipment or containers provided and the type and volume of waste. Contracts normally run for one to three years and may be renewed. Commercial services also include the collection of recyclables. The market share occupied by commercial customers diminished slightly in 2010 but is expected to rise to account for an estimated 32.7% of industry revenue in 2015 as the economy strengthens. Industrial and construction companies Industrial customers are provided with similar products and services to commercial customers, including containers of various sizes, most of which can be hydraulically placed on collection trucks. The construction industry and home renovators generate construction and demolition waste. The market share occupied by industry and construction was the hardest hit of any segment at the start of the five year period to 2015 as industrial, construction and remodeling activity plummeted. Improved industrial and manufacturing output and a recovery in construction activity is expected to boost revenue in these segments and improve their share of total industry revenue in 2015. Individuals and households Nearly all Scotland households have access to curbside waste collection services. These services are provided either through contracts with municipal governments (which is included in the government and not-for-profit organizations market segment) or via household subscriptions arranged directly with waste collection companies. Individuals also contract the services of waste collection operators for specific one-time tasks. For example, individuals may contract out industry operators to remove a tree that has been cut down on their property, or to remove unwanted items after the cleaning out of a garage or basement. This market segment has remained relatively stable as a share of industry revenue over the past five years. Government and not-for-profit organizations Governments and not-for-profit organizations contract industry services for a variety of purposes. Federal and state governments may hire industry operators to handle hazardous waste removal, clean-up of national and state parks as well as general scheduled waste collection services from government buildings. Not-for-profit organizations hire industry operators to carry out communal waste removal operations not paid for by municipal governments along with other similar services. However, the vast majority of industry revenue earned from sales to this market segment is derived from contracts between municipal governments and industry operators to collect residential, business and other general waste generated with a municipality at regularly scheduled intervals. There has been a long-standing trend for local governments to contract out their collection services to private operators. About a quarter of residential waste collection revenue still accrues to municipal governments who dire ctly undertake waste collection; however, this share will continue to diminish over time as municipal governments continue outsourcing collection services. The market share occupied by government and not-for-profit organizations was relatively high in 2010 as demand from commercial, industrial and construction markets were low in the wake of the recession. However, the share from this market segment has declined over the past five years in line with returning demand from other market segments, and is expected to continue to fall slightly over the five years to 2020. References: Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Waste management,33(1), 220-232 Marshall, R. E., Farahbakhsh, K. (2013). Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries.Waste Management,33(4), 988-1003 Blengini, G. A., Busto, M., Fantoni, M., Fino, D. (2012). Eco-efficient waste glass recycling: Integrated waste management and green product development through LCA.Waste management,32(5), 1000-1008 Hoornweg, D., Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: a global review of solid waste management Arena, U. (2012). Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review.Waste management,32(4), 625-639 Yuan, H., Shen, L. (2011). Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management.Waste management,31(4), 670-679 Yuan, H., Chini, A. R., Lu, Y., Shen, L. (2012). A dynamic model for assessing the effects of management strategies on the reduction of construction and demolition waste.Waste management,32(3), 521-531 Blengini, G. A., Fantoni, M., Busto, M., Genon, G., Zanetti, M. C. (2012). Participatory approach, acceptability and transparency of waste management LCAs: case studies of Torino and Cuneo.Waste management,32(9), 1712-1721 Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., Wong, M. H. (2013). Electronic waste management approaches: An overview.Waste Management,33(5), 1237-1250. Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Waste management,33(1), 220-232 Marshall, R. E., Farahbakhsh, K. (2013). Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries.Waste Management,33(4), 988-1003 Blengini, G. A., Busto, M., Fantoni, M., Fino, D. (2012). Eco-efficient waste glass recycling: Integrated waste management and green product development through LCA.Waste management,32(5), 1000-1008 Hoornweg, D., Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: a global review of solid waste management Arena, U. (2012). Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review.Waste management,32(4), 625-639 Yuan, H., Shen, L. (2011). Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management.Waste management,31(4), 670-679 Yuan, H., Chini, A. R., Lu, Y., Shen, L. (2012). A dynamic model for assessing the effects of management strategies on the reduction of construction and demolition waste.Waste management,32(3), 521-531 Blengini, G. A., Fantoni, M., Busto, M., Genon, G., Zanetti, M. C. (2012). Participatory approach, acceptability and transparency of waste management LCAs: case studies of Torino and Cuneo.Waste management,32(9), 1712-1721 Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., Wong, M. H. (2013). Electronic waste management approaches: An overview.Waste Management,33(5), 1237-1250.

Saskatchewan Essays - Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is a land of resources, wealth, and beauty. It's name is derived from a Cree word meaning "rapid river". Land Saskatchewan is 651,900 sq. km. in area, half of it is forests, and one third of it is cultivated lands. In southern Saskatchewan average temperatures range from 0-65 degrees farenheight. In Northern Saskatchewan temperatures range from 23-57 degrees farenheight. Grayling, trout, pike, and pickeral are found in the northern lakes, while mule, deer, elk, moose, and long tail deer are found in the north. People Saskatchewan has a population of about one million people. It's largest cities are Moose Jaw, Prince Albert, Regina, and Saskatoon. Saskatchewan is the only province that doesn't have a majority of French or British background. There are large segements of Scandanavian, German, and Ukrainian. Plus about 70,000 natives live in the province. Saskatchewan's largest religious groups are the Lutheran, the Anglican denominations, and the Roman catholic. Government Saskatchewan's government consists of a lieutenant govener (Sylvia O. Fedoruk), a premier (Roy Romanow and New Democratic party), a parliament (6 senate members, 10 new democrats, and 4 conservatives), and a provincial legistator (64 members). Saskatchewan was admitted to the confederation on Sept.1, 1905 with Alberta, the eighth and ninth provinces. Saskatchewan politics were dominated by the liberal party from 1905 to 1944, when the CCF defeated them, they ruled until 1964, when the liberals were returned to power. The new democratic party won, the Progressive Conservatives defeated CCF in 1982, but regained power in 1991. History Tribes of Algonquin, Siouan, and Athapaskan were the first known people in Saskatchewan. Charles 11 gave Prince Rupert's Land to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670. About 1690 the first European visitor came to the area, his name was Henery Kelsey. Homesteading was encouraged by the transfer of Prince Rupert's Land and the completion of a rail link to central Canada in the 1880s. Rapid growth associated with agricultual settlement led to the creation of Saskatchewan. In 1921 Saskatchewan's population was ranked just behind Quebec and Ontario. The Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, started in 1924, is still in business and continues to dominate farm marketing there. Natural Resources Saskatchewan has many natural resources. Petroleum and coal are being developed rapidly, Saskatchewan's potash reserves are among the world's largest. The rivers have abundent hydro-electric power, and the rich soils and northern forests are major resources for the province. The province has 14,000 oil wells that produce 12% of Canada's oil output. Saskatchewan mainly produces oil, uranium, potash, coal, and lumber.

over population in Pakistan Essays

over population in Pakistan Essays over population in Pakistan Essay over population in Pakistan Essay In human biology, the whole numbers of residents take up an area (such as a country or the world) and frequently being changed by increases (births and migrations) and losses (deaths and migrations). What is Over Population? The term Over Population or Population Explosion is used to express the idea of more population for fewer resources. Population Situation in Pakistan: According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2010-11, the total population of Pakistan is 177. 1 million against the 173. 5 million in last year. Population growth rate is 2. 1 % and in the list of most populous countries, Pakistan is at 6th number. CAUSES OF OVER POPULATION Following are the main causes of over population in Pakistan: ALLAH RAZIQ Muslims have a solid belief that God gives food to everyone even to an ant living in a stone. So, why they reduce the size of family? No or Less Opportunity Cost 71 % Women are not active in economic activities in Pakistan. Women have no any economic loss while having a childe. Opportunity cost for having a childe is very low r zero in Pakistan. Low Per Capita Income We know that per capita income derives by dividing national income on total population. Low per capita income shows population explosion. Per capita income in Pakistan $ 1254. Unemployment Unemployment is also a symbol of over population. It is difficult to adjust the huge High Population Growth Rate The birth rate is very high which shows that our country is over populated. Rapid growth rate of population is 2. 1 % in Pakistan. Need for More Earning Hands A single person cannot sport his large family in developing countries like Pakistan. He hinks to have more children to be more earning hands. Afghan Refugees An arrival of refugees from India and especially from Afghanistan is also resulting in more population. Low Death Rate Reduction in death rate is another cause of over population. Death rate in 1951 was 2. 8 % while it just 0. 73 % in 2010-11. Low Standard of Living It is observed that in Pakistan people with low income have more children. It is difficult to support such large size family. It results in low living standard of the population. Warm Climate Due to the warm climate, youth and maturity is attained at an early age. It also results in rapid population growth. Absence of Family Planning Effective family planning is not available in Pakistan. People are not familiar with the methods of family planning. They feel hesitation to consult a doctor. Joint Family System There is competition among the family member in accordance with the family size in joint family system. It is also a cause for rapid growth of children. Early Marriages duration for re-productivity is very lengthy. Illiteracy Due to lack of education, people are not aware of with the economic problems caused by high birth rate. Literacy rate is 57. % in Pakistan. Inefficient Population Dependency ratio is very high in our county. Only 32. 17 % population take part in economic activities and other 67. 83 % depends upon them. It views as a pressure on land and population expulsion. Polygamy Practice Polygamy is the condition or practice of having more than one wife at one time. The existence of polygamy also contributes to the increase in population. Urbanization Due to rural urban migration and lack of facilities in cities, there are many social problems. It results in increase in urban population. Higher rate of urbanization is an ndicator of over population. Low Saving Investment The rate of saving and investment of GDP are only 9. 5% and 13. 4% respectively in Pakistan. Rate of investment and employment is also very low due to low rate of savings. So these indicate that Pakistan is over populated. Poor Nutrition People in Pakistan get poor diet, which affects the health and working capacity. It reduces the per capita income, which is a sign of population explosion. Concept of Large Family Large family size is considered as a source of power to influence people and to control the persons around them. People feel pride to have a large family. Vicious Circle of Poverty Very high population growth rate reduces the per capita income, saving, investment and productivity. A country is thus caught up in vicious circle of poverty. Vicious circle Universality of Marriage All men and women of marriageable age enter into wedlock. As such the birth rate is higher in Pakistan. Absence of Other Activities There is absence of recreational facilities and employment opportunities in Pakistan. Time passing and any other enjoyments in Pakistan are very costly. So, people have a more time to spend with thetr wives. EFFECTS OF OVER POPULATION Low Per Capital Income The population growth reduces per capita income of the people because national income is divided by a big size of population. Per capital income of Pakistan is $ 1254 dunng 2010-11. Unemployment, Under-employment and Disguised-unemployment It is impossible to provide Jobs to such highly growing population in Pakistan. It results in unemployment, under-employment and disguised-unemployment. Rate of unemployment in Pakistan is 5. 6%. Low Growth of Agriculture Sector Very fast growth rate of population is a pressure on land. It caused to use of gricultural products at domestic level, increase in the landless workers and shortage of food. Growth rate of agriculture sector is 1. 2%. Low Saving and Low Investment The rapidly increasing population increases the expenditure of government. It reduces the saving and investment. Low level of saving investment means economic backwardness. Domestic savings are 9. 5% of GDP and total investment is 13. 4% of GDP dunng 2010-11. High Rate of Inflation There is more demand for goods due to more population. More demand results in more prices and inflation in the country. Rate of inflation is 14. % in Pakistan. Pollution with billion dollars of resources but do not install treatment plants of million rupees. The rapid growth of population creates pollution, unplanned colonies and environment problems. Backward Social Infrastructure Rapidly growing population creates economic and social problems such as housing, education, health, transport, water, power etc. Very high rate of population growth lowers the per capita income, which caused in low saving and low investment that result in low rate of capital formation. All this forms the vicious circle of poverty. Low Living Standard Rising population cannot be provided the basic facilities of life in developing countries like Pakistan. So, rising population means low living standard. About 21 % population is living below poverty line. Adverse Balance of Payment Over populated nation has to import various items to support a huge population. On the other hand their export decreases. Due to over population our balance of payment is unfavourable in case of Pakistan. At present value of deficit in balance of payment is $ 8. 3 billion. Reduction in Wage Rate High growth rate of population is caused in more labour force and unemployment. There is absence of skill and training that leads to low wage rate. 12. Increase in Dependence Ratio Rapid rise in population growth increases the dependency ratio of unemployed population to employed population. Labour force is 54. 92 million of the population in Pakistan and remaining population is depending upon them. MEASURES TO CONTROL OVER POPULATION Following measures are suggested by the people and experts to check the rapidly raising population: Control the Birth Rate Effective and successful family planning should be introduced. Use of Medicines More contraceptive medicines should be introduced to people. By using these medicines; people will control the birth rate. Late Marriages Marriages should take place in late age to control the rapidly rising population. It will be helpful to control the over population. Health Centers Government should open the health clinics in all the regions of the country. These clinics will be useful for reducing the high birth rate. High Literacy Rate Government should provide the more educational facilities to the backward population. This will provide the true picture of the economy, resources and opulation growth rate. Literacy rate is 57. 7% in Pakistan. Women Employment Only 29 % women take an active part in the economic activities in Pakistan. They live full time at home and have no opportunity cost to have a baby. Family Planning Government should introduce the family planning to the population to control the high growth rate of population. Increase in Employment More employment opportunities must be provided to the young, talented, trained and educated population. It will be helpful to decrease the fast birth rate. Provision of Credit Facilities Government should provide the easy credit facilities to population to adjust the existing population in economic activities. It will lead to reduce the population explosion. Growth and development of small-scale and cottage industries is also necessary to reduce the pressure on land. It will provide more Jobs to men and also to women. Conclusion: High growth rate of population creates unfavorable effects on the economic development in the developing countries like Pakistan. High rate of population growth in Pakistan means poverty, illiteracy, low living standard, absence of prosperity and vicious circle of poverty.

Critically discuss to what extent and how a Strategic HRM approach can Essay

Critically discuss to what extent and how a Strategic HRM approach can help to create value and competitive advantage in an organisation - Essay Example Doing it strategically and making it a part of strategy helps the company to do well in the long run. In this write up, the aim is to uncover the importance of doing human resource management as attached to strategy and the results of doing so, whether it helps in gaining competitive advantage or not, whether it increases the worth and value of the company or not. Every companys aim is to maximize its profits. But an intelligent and well managed company is one which takes care of its employees so that they can be motivated well enough to handle the customers in a brilliant way, ensuring loyal customers and better sales generation. Employees are that part of the company which should be considered the most vital as they are those which run the company on a daily basis. Whether the employee belongs to the top level management, middle level management, is a first line manager, is a non-manager or simply is a worker at the factory should not matter. What should matter is that they are all important and the company runs with the help of these employees. Therefore, importance should be given to all levels of employees irrespective of what part of hierarchy they belong to. (Armstrong, 2006) Moreover, if seen from another perspective, it can be said that if the employees are happy, they will take good care of the customers and if the customers are hap py, they will come back to the company for repeat purchases and thus the worth of the company will rise, ultimately making the shareholders happy. So it all boils down to if the employees are happy or not. Moreover, the new concept nowadays for doing effective human resource management, this helps in the long run, is that of leading a diversified workforce in this ever changing environment. Intercultural diversity and being an equal opportunity employer is the thing of today’s age and the company which does not support it always loses out on the competition because diversity brings this unique quality within a

Agriculture paper on your chosen culture Assignment

Agriculture paper on your chosen culture - Assignment Example The goosefoot, sump weed and sunflowers were the first crops to be domesticated and cultivated by the Native American Indians, most especially along the Mississippi River (Agriculture American Indian, 2003). The development of agriculture advanced with the invention of further agricultural methods such as irrigation, which allowed the American Indians to produce food crops constantly, resulting in the beginning of the cultivation of corn starting 3400 A.D. Thus, by 1000 A.D., the Native American Indians had already narrowed down their crop cultivation to three major food crops namely the corn, squash and beans (Nabhan, 1989). By the time of the European contact, the Native Indian Americans were already producing food at a large scale, capable of keeping their community throughout the year without shortages. The food crop production methods of the American Indian did not entail fertilizing the land using organic matter. On the contrary, they maintained soil fertility through planting their crops as a mixture of corn, beans and squash within the same piece of land, allowing the crops to re-fertilize the land though nitrogen fixation. The custom of the Native Indian Americans was to abandon the exhausted land once it proved to start becoming less productive, and in turn cleared other new lands (Hurt, 1987). Further development and civilization saw the development of village sovereignty, which claimed certain territories of land as their own, and then tilled the land to provide for the village community. The family lineage system was also recognized as the basis of land ownership among the village residents, where the family heads could be allocated specific pieces land for their own agricultural production (Agriculture American Indian, 2003). However, following the European contact and the subsequent settlement of the Europeans in North America, different Native American

Alternative Development Possibilities for Church

Alternative Development Possibilities for Church Introduction Description of the Development The site is located in one of Corks most prestigious areas; the property is set on 0.8 of an acre of level ground overlooking the River Lee on the grounds of Our Lady’s hospital. It is ideally located on the Lee Road just 2.4kms west of Cork City adjacent to the historic University College Cork and close to the western routes leading to Blarney (8 kms) and Killarney (80 kms) which is accessible via the newly constructed Ballincollig bypass. Equally accessible, are Cork Airport and major routes to Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. The site is currently selling for â‚ ¬1,900,000 and is zoned commercial. All services including mains water, electricity and mains drainage are located adjacent to the site and are easily accessible. The church is located at the front of the site and provides an excellent development opportunity for the conversion of the existing structure into a bar/bistro. The church is of rubble limestone construction, un-rendered and with cut limestone plinths. The internal area amounts to 100 sq.m with a planned extension of a further 100sq.m at the rear, to provide additional space for the kitchen, store and staff facilities. The walls of the interior are lined with brick and there is an exposed timber truss roof. Adjacent to the church is a parking area, three developments will be considered for this site which includes the construction of a medical centre, crà ¨che or apartments. All services including water, electricity and mains drainage are located adjacent to the site and are easily accessible. Development Region The development is located in the province of Munster and in the county of Cork, which is situated in the South of Ireland. Cork is the commercial and industrial capital of the South West Region with a population of 190,384 people (2006 Census) rising to 454,850 within a 60km radius. Historic Cork The citys name is derived from the Irish word Corcach, meaning marshy place and refers to the fact that the center of Cork City is built on islands, surrounded by the River Lee, which were marshy and subjected to instances of flooding. Traditionally, Saint Finbarre has been credited with the foundation of the monastery of Cork, known to be the earliest human settlement in Cork for which historians have incontrovertible evidence. The location of this monastic settlement was on the area arnd the present-day site of Saint Finbarre’s Cathedral. However the ancestor of the modern city was founded in the 12th century, when Viking settlers established a trading community. In the twelfth century, this settlement was taken over by invading Anglo-Norman settlers. Corks city charter was granted by King John of England in 1185. Over the centuries, much of the city was rebuilt, time and again, after numerous fires. The city was at one time fully walled, and several sections and gates still remaining. During the 19th century important industries in Cork included, brewing, distilling, wool and shipbuilding. In addition, there were some municipal improvements such as gas light street lights in 1825, a local paper, The Cork Examiner was first published in 1841 and, very importantly for the development of modern industry, the railway reached Cork in 1849. Also in 1849, University College Cork opened. Lee Road Area In the early 1760s the Pipe Water Company was established to provide a water supply to the city of Cork. The architect/engineer Davis Ducart designed the Waterworks which were completed by 1768. The site, located on the lee road included a pumping house and open storage reservoirs which were constructed on the hillside to the north of the river at the same location as the present Waterworks buildings. By the late 1840’s it was felt that the water supply to the city required upgrading, as the population of the city was increasing rapidly, new suburbs developing on the city’s north side could not benefit from the existing system. In 1854, the Pipe Water Company instructed John Benson, had prepared a plan for a new Waterworks, Work began with the laying of new cast-iron mains pipes in 1857 and continued for a number of years. By February 1859 these new water pipes had reached the military barracks on the Old Youghal Road. By this time the Pipe Water Company had been taken over by Cork Corporation, who remains in charge of the municipal water supply to this day. (Lifetime Labs) Local Industry Corks main area of industry is in pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where their computers are manufactured and their European call centre, RD and Apple-Care is hosted. In total, they currently employ over 1,800 staff. EMC Corporation located in the area of Ovens, in the outskirts of the city is another large I.T. employer with over 1,600 staff in their 52,000 sq metre (560,000 sq. ft.) engineering, manufacturing, and technical services facility. Many of these large multinational organisations have been attracted to the area due the low corporation tax rate of 12.5%. Planning Issues and Restrictions After consultation with a Cork City Planning officer a number of issues were raised regarded the conditions of the planning. The site lies within a category A Landscape Protection Zone as per Cork Coty Development Plan 2004. This category of land is defined in Table 8.1 of the Development Plan as â€Å"Visually important land, including land forming the setting to existing buildings† According to paragraph 8.20 of the Plan â€Å"There will be a general presumption by means of a landscape assessment and appropriate landscape and building design proposals† The proposed site at the Lee Road is a visually sensitive area, the design of the structures will therefore have to be landscape rather than building orientated. As stated in Policy BE 8 of the Development Plan: â€Å"The City Council will endeavour to devise and implement policies to positively encourage and facilitate the careful refurbishment of historic built environment for sustainable and economically viable uses.† To comply with plan it will be necessary to adhere to following conditions: The development shall be carried out in accordance with the drawings and specifications submitted. A visual impact study must be conducted to determine how the how the development will affect the landscape. The redevelopment of the chapel shall be supervised by a conservation consultant with appropriate qualifications and/or experience in conservation and restoration of historic buildings in order to protect the architectural characteristics and visual appearance of this existing structure. The contractor appointed shall have an expertise and demonstrate high standards of workmanship and have previous experience in restoration of historic structures. The site is not considered suitable for a â€Å"super-pub† or for a nightclub. In order to protect the character and amenities of the area, the development is restricted to be used as a restaurant with ancillary public house. Under the Landscape Assessment Guidelines (2000) the classification of the site at the Lee Road was obtained from the following table: The site is classified as a category A as it forms part of the setting for the existing landmark building (Former Our Lady’s Hospital). The guidelines state that: There will be a general presumption against development in Landscape Protection Zones unless it can be demonstrated by means of a visual landscape assessment and appropriate building design proposal that the proposed development will enhance the overall landscape character of the site and its visual context. Factors Favouring Refurbishment In the initial feasibility for the Lee Road church, it was necessary to consider the advantages and disadvantages to its refurbishment. Consideration will be given to both the social and economic factors. Social Factors in favour of refurbishment Energy/Resource conservation – Just as there is a current growing awareness of the need to recycle domestic waste, buildings with a useable structure should also be recycled. Preservation of historic buildings – The church on the grounds of the site is listed as a protected structure, buildings which are historic merit need to be refurbished to maintain their integrity and thereby the amenity for the nation. Social resistance to change – Buildings are an integral part of an urban fabric and society may well demonstrate forceful views in restricting change. Its arguments will centre upon: retaining historical and social continuity preserving familiar landscape scenes conserving existing communities and the social fabric Economic Factors in favour of refurbishment Shorter construction period – A refurbishment scheme can usually be carried out quicker than redevelopment which results in: a prompt turnover of finance; earlier occupation of the building; quicker return on capital employed; a reduction in the effects of inflation, high interest rates and other risks. Condition of the building – In the case of the Lee Road church, the structure itself is in relatively sound condition, the savings on the building components may make a refurbishment scheme cheaper than reconstruction. Expectation of high land values – The future expectation of high land values may provoke refurbishment to create a short life use so as to occupy the building and keep the site in its present use until fully ripe for exploitation. This will avoid leaving a building empty for long periods while long term plans are being formulated. Constraints on development – site conditions and organisational constraints (e.g. Cork County Council planning restrictions) may make redevelopment unsuitable for a particular or intended use and therefore unprofitable. Limiting Factors in refurbishment One of the major factors in factors in favour of the refurbishment of the church is the cost saving from the retention of the existing materials, whilst this can reduce the total cost of the scheme, the following criteria required consideration. Diminishing returns – The economic life of a building can be said to end when a site value in a new use exceeds the value of the existing building. A building requires redevelopment when the value of the building is below the potential use value of the land and hence yields a diminishing return. Life expectancy – Property investment tends to be long-term in nature and normally a paying back of sixty year is allowed in property investment calculations. There is little doubt that a new building will last the sixty years or more, whereas a refurbished building may not have been designed and constructed with materials appropriate for long life. High cost of borrowing – In general, financial institutions are unprepared to invest in old buildings due to inherent high financial risks. If they provide finance the assumption of high risk can often lead to a higher rate of interest. Management of refurbishment – the extent of work is not predictable; hence very difficult to design, cost plan and cost control. It can often be a complex, non-repetitive and labour intensive operation and does not facilitate high productivity. Attract high tender prices- the contactor will often assume a high undefined risk element and uncertainty of cost when the pre-contract survey is inadequate. Increased cost of Health and Safety Source: Harlow (1994) Rationale for Refurbishment After taking all factors into consideration, it was felt that the benefits of refurbishment outweigh the costs of redevelopment. Also according to Harlow (1994) the emphasis is moving towards conservation leading to the search for historical and social continuity by fining ways of re-using an existing fabric rather than accelerating the cycle of replacement† The structure itself is in a reasonable sound condition with only minor restorations required; reusing the existing building will decrease construction time, reduce site overheads and retain the historical and social continuity of the Lee road area. Review of alternative development possibilities Development 1 – Medical Centre The first development to contribute to the bar/bistro development is the construction of a medium sized three storey structures; this will comprise 2 No. doctor’s surgeries, a nurse’s office and associated accommodation including waiting, reception and storage areas. It has a floor area of approx 800m2 and an overall ridge height of 8.2m. Its overall design is of a contemporary nature utilizing feature glazing and an extended limestone surround to complement the features of the adjacent church. Early Feasibility Study Project Location Item Description Cost/m2 Floor Area Total Cost 1.0 Site Clearance â‚ ¬80.00 610 â‚ ¬48,800.00 2.0 Substructure â‚ ¬150.00 610 â‚ ¬91,500.00 3.0 Superstructure â‚ ¬380.00 610 â‚ ¬231,800.00 4.0 Internal Finishes â‚ ¬270.00 610 â‚ ¬164,700.00 5.0 Fittings and Furnishings â‚ ¬150.00 610 â‚ ¬91,500.00 6.0 Service Installations â‚ ¬555.00 610 â‚ ¬338,550.00 7.0 External Works â‚ ¬163.00 610 â‚ ¬99,430.00 8.0 Preliminaries â‚ ¬110.00 610 â‚ ¬67,100.00 9.0 Contingencies â‚ ¬20,000.00 Total Estimated Cost â‚ ¬1,153,380.00 Income Rental Price Per Month 6000 Rental Price Per Annum 72000 Total Income per Annum 72000 Expenditure Maintenance 7000 Landscaping 2500 9500 Profit per annum 62500 0 -1183880 1 62500 2 68750 Rate -1.595% 3 75625 4 83188 5 91506 6 100657 7 110723 8 117366 9 124408 10 131872 Net Present Value IR £0.00 Internal Rate of Return -1.5949% Development 2 – Crà ¨che This development entails the construction a crà ¨che that will serve the 180 apartments in Atkins Hall, River Towers and The Mews. The structure will be single storey building with car parking at the rear. The crà ¨che will accommodate up to 30 children (depending on ages). Other facilities would include a fully equipped indoor play area and an out-door playground. There is no doubt that there is demand for a crà ¨che in the area, the development would cater for the residents of the nearby apartments. Students of the nearby University College Cork could also utilize these facilities. Crà ¨che Early Feasibility Study Site Clearance â‚ ¬80.00 610 â‚ ¬48,800.00 Substructure â‚ ¬150.00 610 â‚ ¬91,500.00 Superstructure â‚ ¬380.00 610 â‚ ¬231,800.00 Internal Finishes â‚ ¬270.00 610 â‚ ¬164,700.00 Fittings and Furnishings â‚ ¬200.00 610 â‚ ¬122,000.00 Service Installations â‚ ¬555.00 610 â‚ ¬338,550.00 External Works â‚ ¬163.00 610 â‚ ¬99,430.00